Волгоградское предприятие по производству церковного убранства вышло на всероссийский рынок.
18.01.2017 Спектр возможностей волгоградских предприятий становится шире. Малые компании набивают руку и выходят на всероссийский рынок. Наша съемочная группа побывала там, где создают купола.
Звезды в этом помещении никогда не гаснут, а золотой отлив куполов всегда наполняет цех лучезарным светом. Здесь изготавливают внутреннее и внешнее церковное убранство.
Ольга Фомина купола, сделанные своими руками, узнает сразу. За 10 лет работы она собрала не одну сотню «золотых шапок».
Ольга Фомина, жестянщик-облицовщик: «Человек верующий. Когда знаешь, что ты делаешь что-то на века. Вообще, трепетно я отношусь к этому».
А стоят купола волгоградского производства по всей России: от Владивостока до Калининграда. Синий поедет в Московскую область, такой же, только чуть больше, – в Пензу. Золотые – в Астрахань.
Эта деталь из нержавеющей стали. В ближайшее время она и еще 320 таких отправятся в храм, который строится в городе Сочи. Сделать такую, на первый взгляд, достаточно просто. Однако, когда пробуешь сам, понимаешь, что требуется приложить немало усилий.
В этом году предприятие шагнуло дальше – мастера начали создавать иконостасы. Работа по миллиметрам.
Покроют детали сусальным золотом или его имитацией, как эти колонны праздничного ряда иконостаса. Кстати, 60 листов сусального золота весят всего полтора грамма, и хватает этого материала только на полквадратных метра изделия.
Андрей Орешкин, скульптор-моделист: «Сусальное золото обладает более тонким прокатом листа, поэтому швы незаметны. Если сравнить с имитацией сусального золота, называется «поталь», это медный сплав. Видите, даже блеск отличается несколько».
«Моление о чаше», «Тайная вечеря», «Положение в гроб», «Несение креста» – скульптурная композиция пока только макет, но уже произведение искусства, создавали год.
Иван Подмарев, директор предприятия: «Владеющий хорошими навыками и понимающий скульптор. Он не просто так брал с картинки, копировал. Он получал вводную информацию, знакомился с сюжетом, вникал, и после этого, уже перерабатывая информацию, выдавал картину».
Изготовлены полотна из стеклопластика. Материал, по словам специалистов, способен максимально четко отражать мельчайшие детали, к примеру, мимику. А это важно, ведь сюжеты будут расположены в алтарной части храма. Прикасаться к ним после освящения смогут только служители церкви. В этом году на предприятии запустили и новый проект – быстро возводимые храмы. Собор на объекте возводят всего за одну неделю.
– Поэтому мы разработали новую технологию, где используются только негорючие материалы. И надеемся, что это будет востребовано. Сейчас у нас находится в работе два храма для Республики Казахстан.
А в Волгограде одна из последних работ – купола и ограда, которые украшают храм Николая Чудотворца на Тулака.
Источник: «Вести-Волгоград» volgograd-trv.ru
Да снизойдет на Вас Божия благодать!
Приход храма Святого праведного Иоанна Кронштадтского Чудотворца. Волгоград. Россия.
Братья и сестры! Просвещайтесь, распространяйте, подписывайтесь -
Russia 2018 Travel Vlog
Hi all,
My husband and I travelled to Russia in summer of 2018 and this is our attempt at our first vlog.
Trip was for 9 days. Day 1-4 in Moscow and Day 5-9 in St. Petersburg
Владыка Елисей принял участие в богослужении с Митрополитом Варсонофием.
Митрополит Санкт-Петербургский и Ладожский Варсонофий совершил Божественную литургию на своей малой Родине, в с. Малиновка.
6 августа 2017г., в Неделю 9-ю по Пятидесятнице, управляющий делами Московской Патриархии, Митрополит Санкт-Петербургский и Ладожский Варсонофий, Митрополит Саратовский и Вольский Лонгин, Митрополит Саранский и Мордовский Зиновий, Епископ Балашовский и Ртищевский Тарасий, Епископ Нарвский и Причудский Лазарь, Епископ Ардатовский и Атяшевский Вениамин, Епископ Покровский и Николаевский Пахомий, Епископ Урюпинский и Новоаннинский Елисей совершили Божественную литургию в храме во имя святой великомученицы Параскевы Пятницы села Малиновка Аркадакского района.
По окончании Божественной литургии Митрополит Варсонофий обратился с проповедью к молящимся. В дар храму Митрополит Варсонофий преподнес икону святителя Иннокентия Пензенского. На молитвенную память Митрополиту Лонгину, Епископу Тарасию и Епископу Пахомию Владыка Варсонофий преподнес кресты и панагии. Множество людей, молившихся в этот день за Литургией, получили в дар от Владыки Варсонофия календари.
В ответном слове Владыка Тарасий приветствовал высокого гостя. «Ваш визит на Балашовскую землю, дорогой Владыка, это долгожданное событие для всех верующих. Мы разделяем с Вами эту радость совместно, совершая Божественную литургию, молимся о мире и благополучии нашего Отечества» — сказал Епископ Тарасий. Так же Владыка преподнес митрополиту Варсонофию набор богослужебных покровцов.
Управляющий делами Московской Патриархии Митрополит Санкт-Петербургский и Ладожский Варсонофий является уроженцем села Малиновка. Храм во имя святой великомученицы Параскевы был восстановлен усилиями самого Митрополита Варсонофия, Епископа Балашовского и Ртищевского Тарасия, клириков Балашовской епархии, жертвователей и благотворителей.
В 2013 году Митрополит Саратовский и Вольский Лонгин совершил чин Великого освящения храма.
Справка:
Православный телеканал «Союз» на сегодняшний день вещает в 119 странах мира. В 73 субъектах Российской Федерации и странах ближнего зарубежья вещание осуществляется с помощью спутников «Ямал201» и Eutelsat W-4, а также при помощи системы «Триколор-ТВ». На страны Европы, Ближнего Востока, Северной Африки и Северной Америки вещание ведется со спутников «HotBird-6», «Galaxy-19». Кроме того, ТК «Союз» присутствует в кабельных сетях более 1250 городах России – от Калининграда до Камчатки. В интернет-сети нас смотрят по всему миру.
Братья и сестры! Просим Ваших святых молитв!
Да снизойдет на Вас Божия благодать!
Приход храма Святого праведного Иоанна Кронштадтского Чудотворца. Волгоград. Россия.
Братья и сестры! Просвещайтесь, распространяйте, подписывайтесь -
The Government Inspector (Ревизор), Mosfilm, 1952 (English subtitles)
The Government Inspector, aka The Inspector General, 1952 Mosfilm version of the 1836 play by Nikolai V. Gogol, directed by Vladimir Petrov. Restored version with English subtitles.
Crimean–Nogai raids into East Slavic lands | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Crimean–Nogai raids into East Slavic lands
00:02:38 1 Causes
00:02:47 1.1 Economic factors
00:03:55 1.2 Political factors
00:04:41 2 Military
00:04:49 2.1 The theater of war
00:08:12 2.2 Tactics
00:10:08 3 The fate of the captives
00:10:17 3.1 On the steppe
00:12:06 3.2 In Crimea and Turkey
00:15:41 4 Resistance to the raids
00:15:51 4.1 Russia
00:16:18 4.2 Poland–Lithuania
00:17:06 5 In folk culture
00:17:49 6 Historians on the Tatar raids
00:18:34 7 List of raids
00:18:43 7.1 Outline
00:20:37 7.2 1480–1506
00:34:18 7.3 1507–1570
00:59:11 7.4 1571–1599
01:15:51 7.5 1600–1648
01:48:24 7.6 Wars 1648-1709
01:50:13 7.7 1648-1655: Khmelnitsky Uprising
02:03:20 8 1657-1663 Vyhovsky and the Poles
02:10:13 8.1 1665–1678
02:48:46 8.2 1677–1699
03:03:13 8.3 1700–1769
03:13:00 9 See also
03:13:17 10 Sources
03:13:57 11 Notes
03:14:05 12 External links
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Crimean-Nogai raids were slave raids carried out by the Khanate of Crimea and by the Nogai Horde into the region of Rus' then controlled by the Grand Duchy of Moscow (until 1547), by the Tsardom of Russia (1547-1721), by the Russian Empire (1721 onwards) and by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569). These raids began after Crimea became independent about 1441 and lasted until the peninsula came under Russian control in 1774.Their main purpose was the capture of slaves, most of whom were exported to the Ottoman slave markets in Constantinople or elsewhere in the Middle East. The raids were an important drain of the human and economic resources of eastern Europe. They largely inhabited the settlement of the Wild Fields – the steppe and forest-steppe land which extends from a hundred or so miles south of Moscow to the Black Sea and which now contains most of the Russian and Ukrainian population. The raids also played an important role in the development of the Cossacks.Estimates of the number of people involved vary: according to Alan W. Fisher the number of people deported from the Slavic lands on both sides of the border during the 14th to 17th centuries was about 3 million. Michael Khodarkhovsky estimates that 150,000 to 200,000 people were abducted from Russia in the first 50 years of the 17th century.The first major Tatar raid for slaves occurred in 1468 and was directed into Galicia. Crimean Khan Devlet I Giray even managed to burn down Moscow during the 1571 campaign. The last raid into Hungary by the Crimean Tatars took place in 1717. In 1769 a last major Tatar raid, which took place during the Russo-Turkish War, saw the capture of 20,000 slaves.
What made the wild field so forbidding were the Tatars. Year after year, their swift raiding parties swept down on the towns and villages to pillage, kill the old and frail, and drive away thousands of captives to be sold as slaves in the Crimean port of Kaffa, a city often referred to by Russians as the vampire that drinks the blood of Rus'...For example, from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six raids were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy. Although estimates of the number of captives taken in a single raid reached as high as 30,000, the average figure was closer to 3000...In Podilia alone, about one-third of all the villages were devastated or abandoned between 1578 and 1583.
VLADIMIR LENIN - WikiVidi Documentary
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin , was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party communist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism. Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western...
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Shortcuts to chapters:
00:04:03 Childhood: 1870–1887
00:07:42 University and political radicalisation: 1887–1893
00:11:33 Early activism and imprisonment: 1893–1900
00:16:02 Munich, London, and Geneva: 1900–1905
____________________________________
Copyright WikiVidi.
Licensed under Creative Commons.
Wikipedia link:
Dzhana Logashova: Kurakin readings
Российская Империя: Александр II, часть 1. [11/16] [Eng Sub]
Российская Империя. Александр II. Часть первая.
* Воспитание будущего императора.
* Окончание Кавказской войны.
* Отмена крепостного права и другие реформы.
* Подробности продажи Аляски.
* История создания журнала «Современник».
* Присоединение Средней Азии.
* Русский ситец как высшее достижение отечественной лёгкой промышленности.
* Василий Верещагин — художник протеста.
Alexander Radishchev | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Alexander Radishchev
00:00:39 1 Biography
00:05:16 2 Legacy
00:06:22 3 Views
00:09:46 4 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Alexander Nikolayevich Radishchev (Russian: Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Ради́щев; 31 August [O.S. 20 August] 1749 – 24 September [O.S. 12 September] 1802) was a Russian author and social critic who was arrested and exiled under Catherine the Great. He brought the tradition of radicalism in Russian literature to prominence with his 1790 novel Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. His depiction of socio-economic conditions in Russia resulted in his exile to Siberia until 1797.
He was the grandfather of painter Alexey Bogolyubov.
October Revolution | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:45 1 Etymology
00:04:47 2 Background
00:04:56 2.1 February Revolution
00:06:37 2.2 Unrest by workers, peasants and soldiers
00:11:58 2.3 Antiwar demonstrations
00:13:34 2.4 July days
00:15:59 2.5 Kornilov affair
00:17:56 2.6 German support
00:19:14 3 Insurrection
00:19:24 3.1 Planning
00:21:00 3.2 Onset
00:25:37 3.3 Assault on the Winter Palace
00:27:55 3.4 Later Soviet portrayal
00:31:39 3.5 Dybenko's memoirs
00:33:00 4 Timeline of the spread of Soviet power (Gregorian calendar dates)
00:36:51 5 Outcome
00:48:33 6 Historiography
00:49:05 6.1 Soviet historiography
00:54:28 6.2 Western historiography
00:56:39 6.3 Effect of the dissolution of the USSR on historical research
00:58:03 7 Legacy
01:00:39 8 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.7675851884294663
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The October Revolution, officially known in Soviet historiography as the Great October Socialist Revolution and commonly referred to as the October Uprising, the October Coup, the Bolshevik Revolution, the Bolshevik Coup or the Red October, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917. It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd on 7 November (25 October, O.S.) 1917.
It followed and capitalized on the February Revolution of the same year, which overthrew the Tsarist autocracy and resulted in a provisional government after a transfer of power proclaimed by Grand Duke Michael, the younger brother of Tsar Nicholas II, who declined to take power after the Tsar stepped down. During this time, urban workers began to organize into councils (soviets) wherein revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions. After the Congress of Soviets, now the governing body, had its second session, it elected members of the Bolsheviks and other leftist groups such as the Left Socialist Revolutionaries to important positions within the new state of affairs. This immediately initiated the establishment of the Russian Soviet Republic. On 17 July 1918, the Tsar and his family were executed.
The revolution was led by the Bolsheviks, who used their influence in the Petrograd Soviet to organize the armed forces. Bolshevik Red Guards forces under the Military Revolutionary Committee began the occupation of government buildings on 7 November 1917 (New Style). The following day, the Winter Palace (the seat of the Provisional government located in Petrograd, then capital of Russia) was captured.
The long-awaited Constituent Assembly elections were held on 12 November 1917. In contrast to their majority in the Soviets, the Bolsheviks only won 175 seats in the 715-seat legislative body, coming in second behind the Socialist Revolutionary Party, which won 370 seats, although the SR Party no longer existed as a whole party by that time, as the Left SRs had gone into coalition with the Bolsheviks from October 1917 to March 1918. The Constituent Assembly was to first meet on 28 November 1917, but its convocation was delayed until 5 January 1918 by the Bolsheviks. On its first and only day in session, the Constituent Assembly came into conflict with the Soviets, and it rejected Soviet decrees on peace and land, resulting in the Constituent Assembly being dissolved the next day by order of the Congress of Soviets.As the revolution was not universally recognized, there followed the struggles of the Russian Civil War (1917–22) and the creation of the Soviet Union in 1922.
Vladimir Lenin | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Vladimir Lenin
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known by the alias Lenin, was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party communist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism.
Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent theorist in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1903, he took a key role in a RSDLP ideological split, leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Encouraging insurrection during Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he later campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime.
Lenin's Bolshevik government initially shared power with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, elected soviets, and a multi-party Constituent Assembly, although by 1918 it had centralised power in the new Communist Party. Lenin's administration redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry. It withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty with the Central Powers and promoted world revolution through the Communist International. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign administered by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed or interned in concentration camps. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin encouraged economic growth through the market-oriented New Economic Policy. Several non-Russian nations secured independence after 1917, but three re-united with Russia through the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922. In increasingly poor health, Lenin died at his dacha in Gorki, with Joseph Stalin succeeding him as the pre-eminent figure in the Soviet government.
Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century, Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism–Leninism and thus a prominent influence over the international communist movement. A controversial and highly divisive individual, Lenin is viewed by supporters as a champion of socialism and the working class, while critics on both the left and right emphasize his role as founder and leader of an authoritarian regime responsible for political repression and mass killings.
Eastern Front of World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:27 1 Geography
00:04:29 2 Propaganda
00:05:32 3 Initial situation in belligerent countries
00:05:43 3.1 Germany
00:06:47 3.2 Romania
00:09:13 3.3 Russia
00:11:21 3.3.1 Russian propaganda
00:12:52 3.4 Austria-Hungary
00:16:42 4 Russia prior to 1914
00:18:47 4.1 First combat (August 1914)
00:20:50 5 1915
00:22:29 5.1 Russo-Turkish offensive, winter 1915–16
00:24:42 6 1916
00:25:21 6.1 Brusilov Offensive
00:27:25 6.2 Romania enters the war
00:32:20 6.3 Aftermath of 1916
00:33:00 7 1917
00:33:10 7.1 Russia – the February Revolution
00:34:58 7.2 Romania – the Summer Campaign and aftermath
00:37:20 7.3 Russia – the October Revolution
00:38:58 8 1918
00:41:16 8.1 Formation of the Red Army
00:42:05 8.2 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
00:43:49 9 Role of women on the Eastern Front
00:46:03 10 Prisoners of War in Russia
00:48:21 11 Disease on the Eastern Front
00:50:52 12 Casualties
00:52:18 13 Territorial changes
00:52:28 13.1 Austria
00:53:04 13.2 Czechoslovakia
00:54:23 13.3 Hungary
00:54:57 13.4 Italy
00:55:11 13.5 Poland
00:56:10 13.6 Romania
00:56:42 13.7 Yugoslavia
00:57:21 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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- reduce eye strain
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Speaking Rate: 0.9490578547387148
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (German: Ostfront, Russian: Восточный фронт, Vostochnıy front) was a theater of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other. It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, involved most of Eastern Europe and stretched deep into Central Europe as well. The term contrasts with Western Front, which was being fought in Belgium and France.
During 1910, Russian General Yuri Danilov developed Plan 19 under which four armies would invade East Prussia. This plan was criticised as Austria-Hungary could be a greater threat than the German Empire. So instead of four armies invading East Prussia, the Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia, and two armies to defend against Austro-Hungarian forces invading from Galicia. In the opening months of the war, the Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the northwestern theater, only to be beaten back by the Germans after some initial success. At the same time, in the south, they successfully invaded Galicia, defeating the Austro-Hungarian forces there. In Russian Poland, the Germans failed to take Warsaw. But by 1915, the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were on the advance, dealing the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland, forcing it to retreat. Grand Duke Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander-in-chief and replaced by the Tsar himself. Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed, including Lake Naroch Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive. However, General Aleksei Brusilov oversaw a highly successful operation against Austria-Hungary that became known as the Brusilov Offensive, which saw the Russian Army make large gains.The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916. The Entente promised the region of Transylvania (which was part of Austria-Hungary) in return for Romanian support. The Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes, but was forced to stop and was pushed back by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them in the south. Meanwhile, a revolution occurred in Russia in February 1917 (one of the several causes being the hardships of the war). Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Russian Provisional Government was founded, with Georgy Lvov as its first leader, who was eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky.
The newly for ...
Russia during World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:59 1 Geography
00:05:07 2 Propaganda
00:06:16 3 Initial situation in belligerent countries
00:06:28 3.1 Germany
00:07:40 3.2 Romania
00:10:27 3.3 Russia
00:12:52 3.3.1 Russian propaganda
00:14:33 3.4 Austria-Hungary
00:18:51 4 Russia prior to 1914
00:21:14 4.1 First combat (August 1914)
00:23:37 5 1915
00:25:28 5.1 Russo-Turkish offensive, winter 1915–16
00:27:58 6 1916
00:28:41 6.1 Brusilov Offensive
00:31:01 6.2 Romania enters the war
00:36:34 6.3 Aftermath of 1916
00:37:17 7 1917
00:37:27 7.1 Russia – the February Revolution
00:39:29 7.2 Romania – the Summer Campaign and aftermath
00:42:10 7.3 Russia – the October Revolution
00:44:01 8 1918
00:46:36 8.1 Formation of the Red Army
00:47:31 8.2 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
00:49:26 9 Role of women on the Eastern Front
00:51:55 10 Prisoners of War in Russia
00:54:33 11 Disease on the Eastern Front
00:57:22 12 Casualties
00:58:56 13 Territorial changes
00:59:06 13.1 Austria
00:59:46 13.2 Czechoslovakia
01:01:12 13.3 Hungary
01:01:50 13.4 Italy
01:02:04 13.5 Poland
01:03:09 13.6 Romania
01:03:45 13.7 Yugoslavia
01:04:26 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8103130300784104
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (German: Ostfront, Russian: Восточный фронт, Vostochnıy front) was a theater of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other. It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, involved most of Eastern Europe and stretched deep into Central Europe as well. The term contrasts with Western Front, which was being fought in Belgium and France.
During 1910, Russian General Yuri Danilov developed Plan 19 under which four armies would invade East Prussia. This plan was criticised as Austria-Hungary could be a greater threat than the German Empire. So instead of four armies invading East Prussia, the Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia, and two armies to defend against Austro-Hungarian forces invading from Galicia. In the opening months of the war, the Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the northwestern theater, only to be beaten back by the Germans after some initial success. At the same time, in the south, they successfully invaded Galicia, defeating the Austro-Hungarian forces there. In Russian Poland, the Germans failed to take Warsaw. But by 1915, the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were on the advance, dealing the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland, forcing it to retreat. Grand Duke Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander-in-chief and replaced by the Tsar himself. Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed, including Lake Naroch Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive. However, General Aleksei Brusilov oversaw a highly successful operation against Austria-Hungary that became known as the Brusilov Offensive, which saw the Russian Army make large gains.The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916. The Entente promised the region of Transylvania (which was part of Austria-Hungary) in return for Romanian support. The Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes, but was forced to stop and was pushed back by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them in the south. Meanwhile, a revolution occurred in Russia in February 1917 (one of the several causes being the hardships of the war). Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Russian Provisional Government was founded, with Georgy Lvov as its first leader, who was eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky.
The newly for ...
Eastern Front (World War I) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:57 1 Geography
00:05:06 2 Propaganda
00:06:16 3 Initial situation in belligerent countries
00:06:28 3.1 Germany
00:07:39 3.2 Romania
00:10:24 3.3 Russia
00:12:48 3.3.1 Russian propaganda
00:14:26 3.4 Austria-Hungary
00:18:49 4 Russia prior to 1914
00:21:09 4.1 First combat (August 1914)
00:23:28 5 1915
00:25:20 5.1 Russo-Turkish offensive, winter 1915–16
00:27:49 6 1916
00:28:31 6.1 Brusilov Offensive
00:30:52 6.2 Romania enters the war
00:36:24 6.3 Aftermath of 1916
00:37:07 7 1917
00:37:17 7.1 Russia – the February Revolution
00:39:19 7.2 Romania – the Summer Campaign and aftermath
00:41:58 7.3 Russia – the October Revolution
00:43:49 8 1918
00:46:25 8.1 Formation of the Red Army
00:47:20 8.2 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
00:49:15 9 Role of women on the Eastern Front
00:51:46 10 Prisoners of War in Russia
00:54:22 11 Disease on the Eastern Front
00:57:14 12 Casualties
00:58:47 13 Territorial changes
00:58:58 13.1 Austria
00:59:38 13.2 Czechoslovakia
01:01:09 13.3 Hungary
01:01:47 13.4 Italy
01:02:01 13.5 Poland
01:03:07 13.6 Romania
01:03:43 13.7 Yugoslavia
01:04:26 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8276001897399461
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (German: Ostfront, Russian: Восточный фронт, Vostochnıy front) was a theatre of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other. It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, involved most of Eastern Europe and stretched deep into Central Europe as well. The term contrasts with Western Front, which was being fought in Belgium and France.
During 1910, Russian General Yuri Danilov developed Plan 19 under which four armies would invade East Prussia. This plan was criticised as Austria-Hungary could be a greater threat than the German Empire. So instead of four armies invading East Prussia, the Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia, and two armies to defend against Austro-Hungarian forces invading from Galicia. In the opening months of the war, the Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the northwestern theater, only to be beaten back by the Germans after some initial success. At the same time, in the south, they successfully invaded Galicia, defeating the Austro-Hungarian forces there. In Russian Poland, the Germans failed to take Warsaw. But by 1915, the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were on the advance, dealing the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland, forcing it to retreat. Grand Duke Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander-in-chief and replaced by the Tsar himself. Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed, including Lake Naroch Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive. However, General Aleksei Brusilov oversaw a highly successful operation against Austria-Hungary that became known as the Brusilov Offensive, which saw the Russian Army make large gains.The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916. The Entente promised the region of Transylvania (which was part of Austria-Hungary) in return for Romanian support. The Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes, but was forced to stop and was pushed back by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them in the south. Meanwhile, a revolution occurred in Russia in February 1917 (one of the several causes being the hardships of the war). Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Russian Provisional Government was founded, with Georgy Lvov as its first leader, who was eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky.
The newly for ...