Moscow-Torgau Motor Rally (Eng sub)
THE INTERNATIONAL RUN OF DOSAAF OF RUSSIA DEVOTED TO THE 70 ANNIVERSARY OF THE VICTORY IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR OF 1941-1945 AND THE MEETING ON ELBA OF TROOPS OF ALLIES OF MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE ANTI-HITLERITE COALITION.
As a part of a column of the International patriotic motor rally by “Roads of glory” Moscow – Torgau – Moscow together with DOSAAF two cars of the International March expedition of veterans “BATTLE BROTHERHOOD” Cars UAZ and VW – in a column behind the head car.
The 1st stage – Moscow – Borodino on April 18, 2015.
1. The state Borodino military and historical museum – the reserve “Borodino Field” this museum is the oldest of the museums founded on fields of battles. The first monument which entered a complex of a historical Borodino field was the church of the Vernicle built in 1820 on a place of death of the major general A. A. Tuchkov.
In October, 1941 the Borodino field again became a place of heavy fighting. For six days, from October 12 to October 18, 1941, soldiers 32 shooting divisions Decorated with the Order of the Red Banner detained the German troops torn to Moscow here.
Diorama “The Counterattack of Soviet troops near Moscow. 360 VR 4K
Диорама - «Контрнаступление советских войск под Москвой». в формате 360 VR 4K
рассказывает сотрудник Музея Победы - телеведущий Дмитрий Хаустов
Russo-Japanese War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russo-Japanese War
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Russo-Japanese War (Russian: Русско-японская война, translit. Russko-japonskaja vojna; Japanese: 日露戦争, translit. Nichirosensō / Нитиросенсо̄; 1904–05) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria and the seas around Korea, Japan and the Yellow Sea.
Russia sought a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean for its navy and for maritime trade. Vladivostok was operational only during the summer, whereas Port Arthur, a naval base in Liaodong Province leased to Russia by China, was operational all year. Since the end of the First Sino–Japanese War in 1895, Japan feared Russian encroachment on its plans to create a sphere of influence in Korea and Manchuria. Russia had demonstrated an expansionist policy in the Siberian Far East from the reign of Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century. Seeing Russia as a rival, Japan offered to recognize Russian dominance in Manchuria in exchange for recognition of Korea as being within the Japanese sphere of influence. Russia refused and demanded Korea north of the 39th parallel to be a neutral buffer zone between Russia and Japan. The Japanese government perceived a Russian threat to its plans for expansion into Asia and chose to go to war. After negotiations broke down in 1904, the Japanese Navy opened hostilities by attacking the Russian Eastern Fleet at Port Arthur, China, in a surprise attack.
Russia suffered multiple defeats by Japan, but Tsar Nicholas II was convinced that Russia would win and chose to remain engaged in the war; at first, to await the outcomes of certain naval battles, and later to preserve the dignity of Russia by averting a humiliating peace. Russia ignored Japan's willingness early on to agree to an armistice and rejected the idea to bring the dispute to the Arbitration Court at The Hague. The war concluded with the Treaty of Portsmouth, mediated by US President Theodore Roosevelt. The complete victory of the Japanese military surprised world observers. The consequences transformed the balance of power in East Asia, resulting in a reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. It was the first major military victory in the modern era of an Asian power over a European one. Scholars continue to debate the historical significance of the war.
Pavlovsk Grenadiers 2
these are nice from warlord 28mm range
Heroes & History: Lessons for Leadership from Tolstoy's War & Peace
Stanford Graduate School of Business Professor Emeritus James March takes a look at the lessons of Tolstoy’s War and Peace for leadership, examining the limitations of heroic visions of leaders that Tolstoy exposed. The film uses the portrayal of leaders in War and Peace as a basis for raising questions about standard heroic stories of leadership. It explores some ways in which the complexities and ambiguities of history make standard narratives emphasizing the visionary role of leadership in history more mythic than real.
Российская Империя: Александр I, часть 2. [08/16] [Eng Sub]
Российская Империя. Александр I. Часть вторая.
* Отечественная война 1812 года.
* Бородинская битва, сдача Москвы, первые партизаны, переправа через Березину, изгнание Наполеона из России.
* Заграничный поход русской армии, разгром Наполеона, взятие Парижа и оккупация Франции.
* Священный союз монархов.
* Деятельность Аракчеева и военные поселения.
* Царство Польское.
* Начало Кавказской войны — самой долгой в истории империи.
* Село Яраг — столица газавата.
* Новый стиль империи — Русский ампир.
* Кризис царствования, болезнь и смерть Александра I; легенда о старце Фёдоре Кузьмиче.
Clausewitz and Jomini: Their Interaction
Both Carl von Clausewitz and Henri Jomini experienced and studied the wars of Napoleon from unique perspectives, yielding two very different theories of war. Dr. Sean N. Kalic and Lt. Col. Christopher Johnson provide an overview of two of the greatest military theorists of all time, drawing out where their ideas are complementary and where they differ.
--
The Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics is dedicated to promoting political and civic participation as well as civil discourse in a bipartisan, philosophically balanced manner. It is located on KU’s West Campus and houses the Dole Archive and Special Collections. Through its robust public programming, congressional archive and museum, the Dole Institute strives to celebrate public service and the legacies of U.S. Senators Bob Dole and Elizabeth Dole.
More information on all programs, as well as ongoing additions to the schedule, can be found on the Dole Institute’s website, doleinstitute.org.
ENG SUB Dark myths about Russia part 2/Черные мифы о Руси часть 2
ENG SUBTITLES
20.11.2013
Country: Russia
Category: Documentary
400 years of information wars Russia vs West: From Ivan The Awesome
until our times.
Unwashed country which tought Europeans to bath.
A bloodthirsty Tsar who executed hundred times less people than his English contemporary.
Crazy tyrant whos Army conquered Rome, Corfu and Malta.
Название: Черные мифы о Руси. От Ивана Грозного до наших дней
Дата выхода: 20.11.2013
Страна: Россия
Жанр: Документальный
Немытая Россия, которая научила мыться европейцев. Царь-кровопийца, который казнил в сотни раз меньше людей, чем его английский современник. Сумасшедший тиран, при котором русская армия заняла Рим, Корфу и Мальту.
Диссиденты-перебежчики, которые знали, что будет дальше, лучше дьяков посольского приказа.
Это Россия и окутавшие ее мифы. 400 лет информационных войн. Знаем ли мы свою страну, и почему русскому просвещенному человеку легче поверить иностранному агенту? Попробуем разобраться на примере событий, о которых, как нам кажется, мы все знаем. Но все ли? И с чьих слов?
Почему информационная война против России началась именно во времена Ивана Грозного?
Информационные источники с запада порой попадали в цель и в самой России. Жители начинали верить, что именно так беспросветно и выглядят их прошлое и настоящее. И мало кого волновало, что не сходится называемое иностранными компиляторами число жертв новгородской резни -- 300 тысяч, как передают некоторые авторы. А во всем Новгороде в то время жило от силы 10 тысяч человек.
Forgotten Leaders. Episode 4. Semyon Budyonny. Documentary. English Subtitles. StarMediaEN
All Episodes of Forgotten Leaders
The project provisionally titled “Forgotten Leaders” is a series of seven films, each featuring an individual from the leaders of the Soviet state in power during the time period from 1920 to 1953. Each episode is a filmed portrait depicting the story of life, political and public activities of its hero. The heroes of “The Forgotten Leaders” are
individuals ambiguous from the perspective of the Russian and world’s history and odious and often sharply negative in the eyes of public consciousness. Unfortunately, when labeling, we often forget that “each individual
is a tangle of contradictions” and that “history is written by the victors”. Seven men. Seven lives. One era. What was behind their decisions and at what was the price they paid for their deeds?
Type: historical reenactment
Genre: docudrama
Year of production: 2016
Number of episodes: 8
Directed by: Pavel Sergatskov
Written by: Aleksandr Kolpakydy, Egor Vasilyev, Aleksandr Lukyanov, Vasiliy Shevtsov, Inna Nechaykyna
Production designer: Aleksandr Khilyarevskiy
Director of photography: Aleksandr Kiper
Music by: Boris Kukoba
Producers: Valeriy Babich , Vlad Ryashin
Cast: Farid Takhiev, Roman Vusotskiy, Sergey Tishin, Aleksandr Suvorov, Anton Morozov, Aleksey Ustinov, Adam Bulkhuchev
Forgotten Leaders. Episode 4. Vyacheslav Molotov. Documentary. English Subtitles. StarMediaEN
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Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was the first great war of the 20th century. It grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria, specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden; and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea.
This video targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Public domain image source in video
Battle of Stalingrad | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Battle of Stalingrad
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943) was the largest confrontation of World War II, in which Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in Southern Russia.
Marked by fierce close quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in air raids, it was the largest (nearly 2.2 million personnel) and bloodiest (1.8–2 million killed, wounded or captured) battle in the history of warfare. After their defeat at Stalingrad, the German High Command had to withdraw vast military forces from the Western Front to replace their losses.The German offensive to capture Stalingrad began in August 1942, using the 6th Army and elements of the 4th Panzer Army. The attack was supported by intensive Luftwaffe bombing that reduced much of the city to rubble. The fighting degenerated into house-to-house fighting; both sides poured reinforcements into the city. By mid-November 1942, the Germans had pushed the Soviet defenders back at great cost into narrow zones along the west bank of the Volga River.
On 19 November 1942, the Red Army launched Operation Uranus, a two-pronged attack targeting the weaker Romanian and Hungarian armies protecting the German 6th Army's flanks. The Axis forces on the flanks were overrun and the 6th Army was cut off and surrounded in the Stalingrad area. Adolf Hitler ordered that the army stay in Stalingrad and make no attempt to break out; instead, attempts were made to supply the army by air and to break the encirclement from the outside. Heavy fighting continued for another two months. By the beginning of February 1943, the Axis forces in Stalingrad had exhausted their ammunition and food. The remaining units of the 6th Army surrendered. The battle lasted five months, one week and three days.
All The Russias 4of4 Looking East,Looking West XviD AC3 MVGroup org
Deel 4 van de BBC-serie All The Russias, a musical journey.
**Note: To cut costs and have all four DVDs fit neatly into an expensive looking box, the Chinese distributors of this set excluded the third documentary of the series, entitled Devils
Deel 4: Looking East,Looking West
This final programme evokes the love/hate relationship between Russia and her neighbours, oscillating between fear and loathing, envy and imitation.
We travel from the edge of the one-time empire - from Georgia and the wild mountains of the Caucasus and the remote steppes of Uzbekistan to the heart of Russia - and observe the cultural and musical impact of these conflicts has been vast, colourful and searing.
Gergiev concludes the series with an impassioned plea to preserve national identity in the face of invasion by Microsoft and Micky Mouse
All.The.Russias.4of4.Looking.East,Looking.West.XviD.AC3.MVGroup.org.avi (746.10 Mb) Subtitles: [eng]
Napoleon Bonaparte | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Napoleon Bonaparte
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Napoléon Bonaparte (; French: [napoleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt], Italian: Napoleone Bonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. He is considered one of the greatest commanders in history, and his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy has endured as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history.He was born Napoleone di Buonaparte (Italian: [napoleˈoːne di ˌbwɔnaˈparte]) in Corsica to a relatively modest family of Italian origin from the minor nobility. He was serving as an artillery officer in the French army when the French Revolution erupted in 1789. He rapidly rose through the ranks of the military, seizing the new opportunities presented by the Revolution and becoming a general at age 24. The French Directory eventually gave him command of the Army of Italy after he suppressed a revolt against the government from royalist insurgents. At age 26, he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and the Italian monarchs aligned with the Habsburgs—winning virtually every battle, conquering the Italian Peninsula in a year while establishing sister republics with local support, and becoming a war hero in France. In 1798, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He orchestrated a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. His ambition and public approval inspired him to go further, and he became the first Emperor of the French in 1804. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph over the Russian Empire and Austrian Empire at the Battle of Austerlitz which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him because Prussia became worried about growing French influence on the continent. Napoleon quickly defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then marched his Grande Armée deep into Eastern Europe and annihilated the Russians in June 1807 at the Battle of Friedland. France then forced the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to sign the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, bringing an uneasy peace to the continent. Tilsit signified the high-water mark of the French Empire. In 1809, the Austrians and the British challenged the French again during the War of the Fifth Coalition, but Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after triumphing at the Battle of Wagram in July.
Napoleon then invaded the Iberian Peninsula, hoping to extend the Continental System and choke off British trade with the European mainland, and declared his brother Joseph Bonaparte the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, featured extensive guerrilla warfare, and ended in victory for the Allies. The Continental System caused recurring diplomatic conflicts between France and its client states, especially Russia. The Russians were unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade and routinely violated the Continental System, enticing Napoleon into another war. The French launched a major invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The campaign destroyed Russian ...
Napoleon | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Napoleon
00:05:56 1 Early life
00:09:28 2 Early career
00:11:00 2.1 Siege of Toulon
00:12:39 2.2 13 Vendémiaire
00:16:00 2.3 First Italian campaign
00:20:02 2.4 Egyptian expedition
00:23:32 3 Ruler of France
00:25:31 3.1 French Consulate
00:29:53 3.1.1 Temporary peace in Europe
00:33:22 3.2 French Empire
00:36:04 3.2.1 War of the Third Coalition
00:42:54 3.2.2 Middle-Eastern alliances
00:43:49 3.2.3 War of the Fourth Coalition and Tilsit
00:48:41 3.2.4 Peninsular War and Erfurt
00:53:50 3.2.5 War of the Fifth Coalition and Marie Louise
01:00:23 3.2.6 Invasion of Russia
01:04:24 3.2.7 War of the Sixth Coalition
01:08:13 3.2.8 Exile to Elba
01:09:39 3.2.9 Hundred Days
01:12:40 4 Exile on Saint Helena
01:14:33 4.1 Death
01:16:06 4.1.1 Cause of death
01:18:42 5 Religion
01:20:11 5.1 Concordat
01:21:35 5.2 Arrest of Pope Pius VII
01:22:20 5.3 Religious emancipation
01:24:16 6 Personality
01:27:05 7 Image
01:33:13 8 Reforms
01:34:11 8.1 Napoleonic Code
01:37:15 8.2 Warfare
01:39:55 8.3 Metric system
01:40:54 8.4 Education
01:42:21 9 Memory and evaluation
01:42:31 9.1 Criticism
01:46:05 9.2 Propaganda and memory
01:49:19 9.3 Long-term influence outside France
01:50:40 10 Marriages and children
01:54:24 11 Titles, styles, honours, and arms
01:54:35 12 Ancestry
01:54:44 13 See also
01:54:54 14 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Napoléon Bonaparte (, French: [napɔleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt]; Italian: Napoleone Bonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. He is considered one of the greatest commanders in history, and his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy has endured as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history.He was born Napoleone di Buonaparte (Italian: [napoleˈoːne di ˌbwɔnaˈparte]) in Corsica to a relatively modest family of Italian origin from minor nobility. He was serving as an artillery officer in the French army when the French Revolution erupted in 1789. He rapidly rose through the ranks of the military, seizing the new opportunities presented by the Revolution and becoming a general at age 24. The French Directory eventually gave him command of the Army of Italy after he suppressed a revolt against the government from royalist insurgents. At age 26, he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and the Italian monarchs aligned with the Habsburgs—winning virtually every battle, conquering the Italian Peninsula in a year while establishing sister republics with local support, and becoming a war hero in France. In 1798, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He orchestrated a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. His ambition and public approval inspired him to go further, and he became the first Emperor of the French in 1804. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph over the Russian Empire and Austrian Empire at the Battle of Austerlitz which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him because Prussia became worried about growing French influence on the continent. Napoleon quickly defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then ...
Страна советов. Забытые вожди. Смотреть Фильм 2017. Семен Буденный. Премьера 2017 от StarMedia
Лучшие русские и зарубежные фильмы, сериалы всех жанров.
Здесь только хорошее кино: мелодрамы, драмы, детективы, комедии, ужасы, документальные фильмы, в хорошем качестве!
Страна советов. Забытые вожди. Смотреть Фильм 2017. Семен Буденный. Премьера 2017 от StarMedia. Документальный фильм/ биография.
Документально-исторический цикл фильмов под рабочим названием «Страна Советов. Забытые вожди» - это проект, рассказывающий о ключевых фигурах в руководстве Советского Союза в период с 1917 по 1953 годы. Феликс Дзержинский, Климент Ворошилов, Семен Буденный, Вячеслав Молотов, Андрей Жданов, Виктор Абакумов, Лаврентий Берия. Их имена известны всей стране и сегодня. Но мало кто помнит, как именно эти фигуры вошли в историю; что сделали для своего государства. Герои цикла находились в пучине гражданского противостояния и социальных потрясений, они меняли ход истории. В их честь называли города, улицы и горные вершины, им возводили памятники, об их победах рассказывали в школах, но они не могли знать, что спустя годы их биографии подвергнутся тщательной редактуре, а все достижения предадутся забвению.
Герои цикла «Страна Советов. Забытые вожди» – военачальники, государственные и партийные деятели, чьи судьбы стали отражением эпохи. Февральская революция, Гражданская война, «красный террор», репрессии, Великая Отечественная война – эти сложные, а порой страшные для страны события проходят красными линиями в биографиях «забытых вождей», формируют их характеры и объясняют многие поступки. Эти непростые времена были для героев цикла не просто фоном жизни, они стали самой их жизнью.
Семь человек. Семь жизней. Одна эпоха. Что стоит за их решениями, и какую цену они заплатили за свои поступки..?
Формат: историческая реконструкция
Жанр: докудрама
Год производства: 2016
Количество серий: 8
Режиссер: Павел Сергацков
Сценарий: Александр Колпакиди, Егор Васильев, Александра Лукьянова, Василий Шевцов, Инна Нечайкина
Художник-постановщик: Александр Гиляревский
Оператор-постановщик: Александр Кипер
Композитор: Борис Кукоба
Продюсеры: Валерий Бабич, Влад Ряшин
В ролях: Фарид Тагиев, Роман Высоцкий, Сергей Тишин, Александр Суворов, Антон Морозов, Алексей Устинов, Адам Булгучев
Все серии сериала Страна советов. Забытые вожди бесплатно в хорошем качестве
Интересные фильмы 2016, новинки 2017 и многое другое ищите у нас=)
Онлайн-кинотеатр StarMedia на YouTube
Смотреть онлайн фильмы и сериалы бесплатно в хорошем качестве.
#StarMedia
Moscow | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Moscow
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Moscow (; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskvá, IPA: [mɐˈskva] (listen)) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17 million within the urban area. Moscow is one of Russia's federal cities.
Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city (both by population and by area) entirely on the European continent. By broader definitions Moscow is among the world's largest cities, being the 14th largest metro area, the 18th largest agglomeration, the 14th largest urban area, and the 11th largest by population within city limits worldwide. According to Forbes 2013, Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world by Mercer and has one of the world's largest urban economies, being ranked as an alpha global city according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world according to the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index.
Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth. It is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe; the Federation Tower, the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe; and the Moscow International Business Center. By its territorial expansion on July 1 2012 southwest into the Moscow Oblast, the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1,091 to 2,511 square kilometers (421 to 970 sq mi), resulting in Moscow becoming the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of 233,000 people.Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, making it Europe's most populated inland city. The city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil's Cathedral with its colourful architectural style. With over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, it is one of the greenest capitals and major cities in Europe and the world, having the largest forest in an urban area within its borders—more than any other major city—even before its expansion in 2012.
The city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Russian Empire to the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russian Federation.
Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, a medieval city-fortress that is today the residence for work of the President of Russia. The Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in the city. Moscow is considered the centre of Russian culture, having served as the home of Russian artists, scientists and sports figures and because of the presence of museums, academic and political institutions and theatres.
The city is served by a transit network, which includes four international airports, nine railway terminals, numerous trams, a monorail system and one of the deepest underground rapid transit systems in the world, the Moscow Metro, the fourth-largest in the world and largest outside Asia in terms of passenger numbers, and the busiest in Europe. It is recognised as one of the city's landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations.Moscow has acquired a number of epithets, most referring to its size and preeminent status within the nation: The Third Rome (Третий Рим), the Whitestone One (Белокаменная), the First Throne (Первопрестольная), the Forty Soroks (Сорок Сороков) (sorok meaning both forty, a great many and a district or parish in Old Russian).
Moscow is also one of the twelve Hero Cities. The demonym for a Moscow res ...
Napoleon | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:16 1 Early life
00:10:02 2 Early career
00:11:38 2.1 Siege of Toulon
00:13:20 2.2 13 Vendémiaire
00:16:50 2.3 First Italian campaign
00:21:01 2.4 Egyptian expedition
00:24:39 3 Ruler of France
00:26:43 3.1 French Consulate
00:31:19 3.1.1 Temporary peace in Europe
00:34:56 3.2 French Empire
00:37:47 3.2.1 War of the Third Coalition
00:44:52 3.2.2 Middle-Eastern alliances
00:45:49 3.2.3 War of the Fourth Coalition and Tilsit
00:50:53 3.2.4 Peninsular War and Erfurt
00:56:16 3.2.5 War of the Fifth Coalition and Marie Louise
01:03:10 3.2.6 Invasion of Russia
01:07:21 3.2.7 War of the Sixth Coalition
01:11:21 3.2.8 Exile to Elba
01:12:51 3.2.9 Hundred Days
01:16:02 4 Exile on Saint Helena
01:17:57 4.1 Death
01:19:34 4.1.1 Cause of death
01:22:17 5 Religion
01:23:51 5.1 Concordat
01:25:19 5.2 Arrest of Pope Pius VII
01:26:05 5.3 Religious emancipation
01:28:07 6 Personality
01:31:04 7 Image
01:37:29 8 Reforms
01:38:30 8.1 Napoleonic Code
01:41:41 8.2 Warfare
01:44:28 8.3 Metric system
01:45:30 8.4 Education
01:47:00 9 Memory and evaluation
01:47:10 9.1 Criticism
01:50:55 9.2 Propaganda and memory
01:54:22 9.3 Long-term influence outside France
01:55:47 10 Marriages and children
01:59:43 11 Titles, styles, honours, and arms
01:59:54 12 Ancestry
02:00:03 13 See also
02:00:14 14 Notes
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Speaking Rate: 0.995867251327829
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Napoléon Bonaparte (, French: [napɔleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt]; Italian: Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French as Napoleon I from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over much of continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. He is considered one of the greatest commanders in history, and his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy has endured as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history.He was born in Corsica to a relatively modest family of Italian origin from minor nobility. He was serving as an artillery officer in the French army when the French Revolution erupted in 1789. He rapidly rose through the ranks of the military, seizing the new opportunities presented by the Revolution and becoming a general at age 24. The French Directory eventually gave him command of the Army of Italy after he suppressed a revolt against the government from royalist insurgents. At age 26, he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and the Italian monarchs aligned with the Habsburgs—winning virtually every battle, conquering the Italian Peninsula in a year while establishing sister republics with local support, and becoming a war hero in France. In 1798, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He orchestrated a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic.
Napoleon's ambition and public approval inspired him to go further, and he became the first Emperor of the French in 1804. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph over the Russian Empire and Austrian Empire at the Battle of Austerlitz which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him because ...
History of France | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of France
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age. What is now France made up the bulk of the region known to the Romans as Gaul. Roman writers noted the presence of three main ethno-linguistic groups in the area: the Gauls, the Aquitani, and the Belgae. The Gauls, the largest and best attested group, were Celtic people speaking what is known as the Gaulish language.
Over the course of the 1st millennium BC the Greeks, Romans and Carthaginians established colonies on the Mediterranean coast and the offshore islands. The Roman Republic annexed southern Gaul as the province of Gallia Narbonensis in the late 2nd century BC, and Roman forces under Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Gaul in the Gallic Wars of 58–51 BC. Afterwards a Gallo-Roman culture emerged and Gaul was increasingly integrated into the Roman Empire.
In the later stages of the Roman Empire, Gaul was subject to barbarian raids and migration, most importantly by the Germanic Franks. The Frankish king Clovis I united most of Gaul under his rule in the late 5th century, setting the stage for Frankish dominance in the region for hundreds of years. Frankish power reached its fullest extent under Charlemagne. The medieval Kingdom of France emerged from the western part of Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire, known as West Francia, and achieved increasing prominence under the rule of the House of Capet, founded by Hugh Capet in 987.
A succession crisis following the death of the last direct Capetian monarch in 1328 led to the series of conflicts known as the Hundred Years' War between the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet. The war formally began in 1337 following Philip VI's attempt to seize the Duchy of Aquitaine from its hereditary holder, Edward III of England, the Plantagenet claimant to the French throne. Despite early Plantagenet victories, including the capture and ransom of John II of France, fortunes turned in favor of the Valois later in the war. Among the notable figures of the war was Joan of Arc, a French peasant girl who led French forces against the English, establishing herself as a national heroine. The war ended with a Valois victory in 1453.
Victory in the Hundred Years' War had the effect of strengthening French nationalism and vastly increasing the power and reach of the French monarchy. During the period known as the Ancien Régime, France transformed into a centralized absolute monarchy. During the next centuries, France experienced the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation. At the height of the French Wars of Religion, France became embroiled in another succession crisis, as the last Valois king, Henry III, fought against rival factions the House of Bourbon and the House of Guise. Henry, King of Navarre, scion of the Bourbon family, would be victorious in the conflict and establish the French Bourbon dynasty. A burgeoning worldwide colonial empire was established in the 16th century. French political power reached a zenith under the rule of Louis XIV, The Sun King, builder of Versailles Palace.
In the late 18th century the monarchy and associated institutions were overthrown in the French Revolution. The country was governed for a period as a Republic, until the French Empire was declared by Napoleon Bonaparte. Following Napoleon's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, France went through several further regime changes, being ruled as a monarchy, then briefly as a Second Republic, and then as a Second Empire, until a more lasting French Third Republic was established in 1870.
France was one of the Triple Entente powers in World War I, fighting alongside the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, the United States and smaller allies against Germany and the Central Powers.
France was one of the Allied Powers in World War II, but was conquered by Nazi Germany in 1940. The Third Republic was dismantled, and most of the country was controlled di ...
Charles de Gaulle | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:10 1 Early life
00:06:20 1.1 Childhood and origins
00:08:22 1.2 Education and intellectual influences
00:11:46 2 Early career
00:11:55 2.1 Officer cadet and lieutenant
00:16:33 2.2 First World War
00:16:43 2.2.1 Combat
00:20:16 2.2.2 Prisoner
00:22:37 2.3 Between the wars
00:22:46 2.3.1 Early 1920s: Poland and staff college
00:25:30 2.3.2 Mid-1920s: ghostwriter for Pétain
00:28:15 2.3.3 Late-1920s: Trier and Beirut
00:31:34 2.3.4 1930s: staff officer
00:33:56 2.3.5 Early 1930s: proponent of armoured warfare
00:38:05 2.3.6 Late-1930s: tank regiment
00:40:44 3 Second World War: the Fall of France
00:40:56 3.1 Early war
00:43:20 3.2 The Battle of France: division commander
00:47:51 3.3 The Battle of France: government minister
00:50:56 3.4 The Battle of France: Briare and Tours
00:55:16 3.5 The Battle of France: Franco-British Union
00:57:27 3.6 Flight with Edward Spears
00:58:58 4 Second World War: leader of the Free French in exile
00:59:11 4.1 Appeal from London
01:03:50 4.2 Leader of the Free French
01:10:56 4.3 De Gaulle and Pétain: rival visions of France
01:17:33 4.4 De Gaulle's relations with the iAnglo-Saxons/i
01:23:48 4.5 Plane sabotage
01:24:51 4.6 Algiers
01:26:31 4.7 Preparations for D-Day
01:32:30 4.8 Return to France
01:41:59 5 1944–1946: Provisional Government of Liberated France
01:46:03 5.1 Curbing the Communist Resistance
01:47:44 5.2 The Provisional Government of the French Republic
01:51:12 5.3 Tour of major cities
01:53:11 5.4 The legal purges (Épuration légale)
01:58:28 5.5 Winter of 1944
02:02:08 5.6 Visit to the Soviet Union
02:06:24 5.7 Strasbourg
02:08:36 5.8 The Yalta Conference
02:10:27 5.9 President Truman
02:13:09 5.10 Victory in Europe
02:16:02 5.11 Confrontation in Syria and Lebanon
02:18:34 5.12 The Potsdam Conference
02:19:27 5.13 New elections and resignation
02:23:53 6 1946–1958: Out of power
02:28:27 6.1 1958: Collapse of the Fourth Republic
02:33:20 7 1958–1962: Founding of the Fifth Republic
02:36:45 7.1 Algeria
02:39:52 7.2 Assassination attempts
02:40:51 7.3 Direct presidential elections
02:42:20 8 1962–1968: Politics of grandeur
02:43:00 8.1 Thirty glorious years
02:46:05 8.2 Fourth nuclear power
02:50:45 8.3 NATO
02:56:21 8.4 European Economic Community (EEC)
03:05:23 8.5 Recognition of the People's Republic of China
03:08:13 8.6 Visit to Latin America
03:09:25 8.7 US dollar crisis
03:11:20 9 Second term
03:13:09 9.1 Empty Chair Crisis
03:14:26 9.2 Six-Day War
03:17:25 9.3 Nigerian Civil War
03:19:11 9.4 iVive le Québec libre!/i
03:21:12 9.5 Official visit to Poland
03:22:05 9.6 May 1968
03:25:36 10 Later life
03:25:46 10.1 Retirement
03:27:24 10.2 Personal life
03:29:31 10.3 Death
03:33:22 11 Legacy
03:33:31 11.1 Reputation
03:36:10 11.2 Relationships with other political leaders
03:46:55 12 Honours and awards
03:47:05 12.1 French
03:47:41 12.2 Foreign
03:51:17 12.3 Medals
03:52:13 12.4 Memorials
03:52:44 13 Works
03:52:53 13.1 French editions
03:55:06 13.2 English translations
03:57:30 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7478624904957046
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (; French pronunciation: [ʃaʁl də ɡol] (listen); 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French army officer and statesman who led the French Resistance against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to establish democracy in France. In 1958, he came out of retirement when appointed President of the Council of Ministers by President René Coty. He was asked to rewrite the Constitution of France and founded the Fifth Republic after approval by referendum. He was elected President of France later that year, a position he was reelected to in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969. He was ...
History of Europe | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Europe
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present. During the Neolithic era and the time of the Indo-European migrations Europe saw migrations from east and southeast and the following important cultural and material exchange. The period known as classical antiquity began with the emergence of the city-states of ancient Greece. Later, the Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin. The fall of the Roman Empire in AD 476 traditionally marks the start of the Middle Ages. Beginning in the 14th century a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. Simultaneously, the Protestant Reformation set up Protestant churches primarily in Germany, Scandinavia and England. After 1800, the Industrial Revolution brought prosperity to Britain and Western Europe. The main powers set up colonies in most of the Americas and Africa, and parts of Asia. In the 20th century, World War I and World War II resulted in massive numbers of deaths. The Cold War dominated European geo-politics from 1947 to 1989. Unification into a European Union moved forward after 1950, with some setbacks. Today, most countries west of Russia belong to the NATO military alliance, along with the United States and Canada.