Bill Lanouette's Interview
William Lanouette is the author of Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man Behind the Bomb. Lanouette highlights Szilard's contributions to the Manhattan Project, including his theoretical discovery of chain reaction and critical mass, along with his efforts to curb the use of nuclear weapons. He provides an overview of Szilard's life and his scientific contributions in many fields. Lanouette explains that Szilard's legacy is not well known due to the vast scope of his work and because his brilliance put him too far ahead of his time.
For the interview transcript:
Veterans Day
Recorded live at the Fagen Fighters WWII Museum, this special honors area veterans with special music, guest speakers and student letters.
Archaeology and Futurity Conference Closing Plenary
Friday, April 15, 2016
Closing Plenary
In a particularly troubling academic climate that is witnessing departmental amalgamation and a relative dearth in full-time faculty hires, how does the discipline of archaeology envision its future? What is its role beyond the walls of the academy? Should archaeology be useful and, if so, for what purposes? This conference addresses archaeology’s potential role in contributing to pressing world problems including climate change, economic inequality, human rights, neocolonialism, and militarism.
This conference also seeks to address how futurity plays a role in how archaeologists confront the past in the present. Through a departure from linear time, this conference will explore alternative notions of time, material vestiges of the past in the present, and embodied experiences that transcend temporalities. If we accept that archaeology is a discipline about the present, how are we to think about time and futurity?
Session Participants:
Cornelius Holtorf (Linnaeus University, Sweden)
An Archaeology of the Future
**Some images used by presenters are copyrighted materials NOT owned by individual presenters. In these cases, images are depicted under the terms of fair use.
Japanese occupation of British Borneo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Japanese occupation of British Borneo
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Before the outbreak of World War II in the Pacific, the island of Borneo was divided into five territories. Four of the territories were in the north and under British control – Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, an island, and British North Borneo; while the remainder, and bulk, of the island was under the jurisdiction of the Dutch East Indies.
On 16 December 1941, Japanese forces landed at Miri, Sarawak having sailed from Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina. It took the Japanese less than a month to conquer the entire island. The Japanese subsequently renamed the northern part as North Borneo (北ボルネオ, Kita Boruneo), Labuan as Maida Island (前田島, Maeda-shima) and the neighbouring Dutch territories as South Borneo (南ボルネオ, Minami Boruneo). For the first time in modern history all of Borneo was under a single rule.British Borneo was occupied by the Japanese for over three years. They actively promoted the Japanisation of the local population by requiring them to learn the Japanese language and customs. The Japanese divided the North Borneo into five provincial administrations (shus) and constructed airfields. Several prisoner of war camps were operated by the Japanese. Allied soldiers and most colonial officials were detained in them, together with members of underground movements who opposed the Japanese occupation. Meanwhile, local Malay leaders were maintained in position with Japanese surveillance and many foreign workers were brought to the territory.
Towards the end of 1945, Australian commandos were deployed to the island by US submarines with the Allied Z Special Unit conducting intelligence operations and training thousands of indigenous people to fight the Japanese in guerrilla warfare in the Borneo Campaign in preparation for the arrival of the main Allied liberation missions. Following landings in North Borneo and Labuan from 10 June 1945 by a combination of Australian and American forces, the island of Borneo was liberated. The British Military Administration formally took over from the Japanese on 12 September 1945.
Eldredge Prize Lecture with Amy Lyford | Smithsonian American Art Museum
Join Occidental College Professor Amy Lyford, winner of SAAM's 2015 Charles C. Eldredge Prize, as she discusses Isamu Noguchi, Asian America, and Artistic Identity in Postwar New York.
Funding for the Charles C. Eldredge Prize is provided by the American Art Forum.
2nd Annual Rochester Global Health Symposium
Innovative Solutions to Combat Global Health Disparities
April 21, 2016, 8:30am to 5:15pm (United Stated EDT, UTC/GMT -04:00)
This year’s symposium brings together leaders in global health research from Upstate New York and around the world to promote research collaboration, provide networking opportunities and help new researchers begin a career in global health. Students, trainees, junior faculty and senior faculty are all invited!
The one-day event includes timely presentations on global health issues, a poster session, a student poster competition, and breakout sessions. Multiple networking opportunities will give participants a chance to share ideas one-on-one and connect with experts in the field.
[All times below are in United States EDT (UTC/GMT -04:00)]
8:30 am: Welcome/Overview of the Global Network/Overview of UNYTE & Introduction of Speakers (Tim Dye, PhD and Nana Bennett, MD, MS; University of Rochester)
8:50am: Highlight Topic 1: Global Health Policy (Neal Palafox, MD, MPH; University of Hawai’i)
9:10am: Highlight Topic 2: Global Cancer Prevention and Control (Jennifer Smith, PhD; University of North Carolina)
9:30am: Highlight Topic 3: Zika Virus and Health Diplomacy (Mehran Massoudi, PhD, MPH; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
9:50am: Highlight Topic 4: Mobilizing food systems for Improved Health and Nutrition (Per Pinstrup-Andersen, PhD, MS; Cornell University)
10:10am: Highlight Topic 5: Global Health and Technology: New Solutions for Development (Saurabh Mehta, MBBS, ScD; Cornell University)
10:30am: Q&A for Highlight Topic Speakers
10:40am: Networking Break
11:15am: Rapid Fire Sessions
- Connections Between Prematurity and Toxic Substances in Puerto Rico: From Genomic Research to Community Engagement,
Carmen Vélez-Vega, University of Puerto Rico
- Health Care System in Costa Rica, Esteban Avendaño MD MPH, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas
- Mercury exposure from fish consumption: A global public health concern, Edwin VanWijngaarden PhD, University of Rochester
- Capacity Building in Zimbabwe: Linking Patient Support Groups with HIV Clinical Pharmacology Research Initiatives,
Samantha Sithole PharmD, University at Buffalo
- HIV, HPV, and Cervical Dysplasia in South Africa, David Adler MD, University of Rochester
12:15pm: Poster Session - join us for a stroll through the poster session to meet presenters and learn about their research.
Zika/Mosquito-Borne Illness Symposium – Moderator: Mehran Massoudi PhD
1:45pm: Zika in pregnancy/planned cohort studies - José Cordero , MD MPH
2:05pm: TBD
2:25pm: Mobile surveillance technology - Solomon Abiola/José Pérez-Ramos
2:45pm: Q&A
3:50pm: Policy, System, and Environmental Interventions in Global Cancer Control
– Angela Sy PhD, Neal Palafox MD, Karen Peters DrPH
4:00pm: Panel Discussion – Building partnerships in global health research/Careers in global health
– Tim Dye PhD, Mehran Massoudi PhD, Karen Peters DrPH, Haq Nawaz MD, Esteban Avendaño MD, Deborah Ossip PhD
5:00 pm: Announcement of poster session awards; closing – Tim Dye PhD
First Sino-Japanese War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
First Sino-Japanese War
00:01:30 1 Background
00:02:25 1.1 Korean politics
00:04:17 1.2 Opening of Korea
00:06:39 1.3 Korean reforms
00:08:57 1.4 Japanese insecurities over Korea
00:11:31 1.5 1882 crisis
00:16:14 1.6 Re-assertion of Chinese influence
00:18:14 1.7 Factional rivalry and ascendancy of the Min clan
00:21:32 1.8 Gapsin Coup
00:25:47 1.9 Nagasaki incident
00:26:26 1.10 Bean controversy
00:26:53 2 Prelude to War
00:27:02 2.1 Kim Ok-gyun affair
00:29:32 2.2 Donghak Rebellion
00:31:29 3 Status of combatants
00:31:38 3.1 Japan
00:32:06 3.1.1 Imperial Japanese Navy
00:34:26 3.1.2 Imperial Japanese Army
00:39:25 3.2 China
00:40:01 3.2.1 Imperial Chinese Army
00:43:50 3.2.2 Beiyang Fleet
00:46:56 3.3 Contemporaneous wars fought by the Qing Empire
00:47:32 4 Early stages
00:50:29 5 Events during the war
00:50:38 5.1 Opening moves
00:52:09 5.2 Sinking of the iKow-shing/i
00:54:33 5.3 Conflict in Korea
00:56:44 5.4 Defeat of the Beiyang fleet
01:00:09 5.5 Invasion of Manchuria
01:02:06 5.6 Fall of Lüshunkou
01:03:50 5.7 Fall of Weihaiwei
01:05:10 5.8 Occupation of the Pescadores Islands
01:08:30 6 End of the war
01:08:39 6.1 Treaty of Shimonoseki
01:10:20 6.2 Japanese invasion of Taiwan
01:12:25 7 Aftermath
01:19:06 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 1894 – 17 April 1895) was fought by the Japanese Empire against the Qing Empire, primarily for dominance in Korea. After more than six months of unbroken successes by Japanese land and naval forces and the loss of the port of Weihaiwei, the Qing government sued for peace in February 1895.
The war demonstrated the failure of the Qing Empire's attempts to modernize its military and fend off threats to its sovereignty, especially when compared with Japan's successful Meiji Restoration. For the first time, regional dominance in East Asia shifted from China to Japan; the prestige of the Qing Empire, along with the classical tradition in China, suffered a major blow. The humiliating loss of Korea as a tributary state sparked an unprecedented public outcry. Within China, the defeat was a catalyst for a series of political upheavals led by Sun Yat-sen and Kang Youwei, culminating in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution.
The war is commonly known in China as the War of Jiawu (Chinese: 甲午戰爭; pinyin: Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng), referring to the year (1894) as named under the traditional sexagenary system of years. In Japan, it is called the Japan–Qing War (Japanese: 日清戦争, Hepburn: Nisshin sensō). In Korea, where much of the war took place, it is called the Qing–Japan War (Korean: 청일전쟁; Hanja: 淸日戰爭).
Santa Cruz County Board of Supervisors 8/7/18
Peace movement | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Peace movement
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, and is often linked to the goal of achieving world peace. Means to achieve these ends include advocacy of pacifism, non-violent resistance, diplomacy, boycotts, peace camps, moral purchasing, supporting anti-war political candidates, legislation to remove the profit from government contracts to the Military–industrial complex, banning guns, creating open government and transparency tools, direct democracy, supporting Whistleblowers who expose War-Crimes or conspiracies to create wars, demonstrations, and national political lobbying groups to create legislation. The political cooperative is an example of an organization that seeks to merge all peace movement organizations and green organizations, which may have some diverse goals, but all of whom have the common goal of peace and humane sustainability. A concern of some peace activists is the challenge of attaining peace when those that oppose it often use violence as their means of communication and empowerment.
Some people refer to the global loose affiliation of activists and political interests as having a shared purpose and this constituting a single movement, the peace movement, an all encompassing anti-war movement. Seen this way, the two are often indistinguishable and constitute a loose, responsive, event-driven collaboration between groups with motivations as diverse as humanism, environmentalism, veganism, anti-racism, anti-sexism, decentralization, hospitality, ideology, theology, and faith.
Korea under Japanese rule | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Korea under Japanese rule
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Korea under Japanese rule began with the end of the short-lived Korean Empire in 1910 and ended at the conclusion of World War II in 1945. Japanese rule over Korea was the outcome of a process that began with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, whereby a complex coalition of the Meiji government, military, and business officials sought to integrate Korea both politically and economically into the Empire of Japan. A major stepping-stone towards the Japanese occupation of Korea was the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905, in which the then-Korean Empire was declared a protectorate of Japan. The annexation of Korea by Japan was set up in the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, which was never actually signed by the Korean Regent, Gojong.Japanese rule over Korea ended in 1945, when U.S. and Soviet forces captured the peninsula. In 1965 the unequal treaties between Joseon-ruled Korea and Imperial Japan, especially those of 1905 and 1910, were declared already null and void at the time of their promulgation (i.e. dead on arrival, implicitly a declaration of their illegality) by the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea.Japanese administration of the Korean Peninsula was directed through the General Government. After the Japanese withdrawal from the Korean Peninsula followed by the Japanese surrender to Allied forces at the end of the Second World War, Korea returned to self-government, albeit under two separate governments and economic systems backed (in the north) by the Soviet Union and (in the south) by the United States.
The industrialization of the Korean Peninsula began with the Joseon dynasty (in particular with King, and later Emperor, Gojong) while Korea was still independent but accelerated under Japanese occupation. The manner of the acceleration of industrialization under Japanese occupation, especially the use of industrialization solely for the purposes of benefiting Japan, the exploitation of the Korean people in their own country, the marginalization of Korean history and culture, the environmental exploitation of the Korean Peninsula, and its long-term negative repercussions for modern-day North and South Koreas are among the most provocative aspects of the controversy.
Charles de Gaulle | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:10 1 Early life
00:06:20 1.1 Childhood and origins
00:08:22 1.2 Education and intellectual influences
00:11:46 2 Early career
00:11:55 2.1 Officer cadet and lieutenant
00:16:33 2.2 First World War
00:16:43 2.2.1 Combat
00:20:16 2.2.2 Prisoner
00:22:37 2.3 Between the wars
00:22:46 2.3.1 Early 1920s: Poland and staff college
00:25:30 2.3.2 Mid-1920s: ghostwriter for Pétain
00:28:15 2.3.3 Late-1920s: Trier and Beirut
00:31:34 2.3.4 1930s: staff officer
00:33:56 2.3.5 Early 1930s: proponent of armoured warfare
00:38:05 2.3.6 Late-1930s: tank regiment
00:40:44 3 Second World War: the Fall of France
00:40:56 3.1 Early war
00:43:20 3.2 The Battle of France: division commander
00:47:51 3.3 The Battle of France: government minister
00:50:56 3.4 The Battle of France: Briare and Tours
00:55:16 3.5 The Battle of France: Franco-British Union
00:57:27 3.6 Flight with Edward Spears
00:58:58 4 Second World War: leader of the Free French in exile
00:59:11 4.1 Appeal from London
01:03:50 4.2 Leader of the Free French
01:10:56 4.3 De Gaulle and Pétain: rival visions of France
01:17:33 4.4 De Gaulle's relations with the iAnglo-Saxons/i
01:23:48 4.5 Plane sabotage
01:24:51 4.6 Algiers
01:26:31 4.7 Preparations for D-Day
01:32:30 4.8 Return to France
01:41:59 5 1944–1946: Provisional Government of Liberated France
01:46:03 5.1 Curbing the Communist Resistance
01:47:44 5.2 The Provisional Government of the French Republic
01:51:12 5.3 Tour of major cities
01:53:11 5.4 The legal purges (Épuration légale)
01:58:28 5.5 Winter of 1944
02:02:08 5.6 Visit to the Soviet Union
02:06:24 5.7 Strasbourg
02:08:36 5.8 The Yalta Conference
02:10:27 5.9 President Truman
02:13:09 5.10 Victory in Europe
02:16:02 5.11 Confrontation in Syria and Lebanon
02:18:34 5.12 The Potsdam Conference
02:19:27 5.13 New elections and resignation
02:23:53 6 1946–1958: Out of power
02:28:27 6.1 1958: Collapse of the Fourth Republic
02:33:20 7 1958–1962: Founding of the Fifth Republic
02:36:45 7.1 Algeria
02:39:52 7.2 Assassination attempts
02:40:51 7.3 Direct presidential elections
02:42:20 8 1962–1968: Politics of grandeur
02:43:00 8.1 Thirty glorious years
02:46:05 8.2 Fourth nuclear power
02:50:45 8.3 NATO
02:56:21 8.4 European Economic Community (EEC)
03:05:23 8.5 Recognition of the People's Republic of China
03:08:13 8.6 Visit to Latin America
03:09:25 8.7 US dollar crisis
03:11:20 9 Second term
03:13:09 9.1 Empty Chair Crisis
03:14:26 9.2 Six-Day War
03:17:25 9.3 Nigerian Civil War
03:19:11 9.4 iVive le Québec libre!/i
03:21:12 9.5 Official visit to Poland
03:22:05 9.6 May 1968
03:25:36 10 Later life
03:25:46 10.1 Retirement
03:27:24 10.2 Personal life
03:29:31 10.3 Death
03:33:22 11 Legacy
03:33:31 11.1 Reputation
03:36:10 11.2 Relationships with other political leaders
03:46:55 12 Honours and awards
03:47:05 12.1 French
03:47:41 12.2 Foreign
03:51:17 12.3 Medals
03:52:13 12.4 Memorials
03:52:44 13 Works
03:52:53 13.1 French editions
03:55:06 13.2 English translations
03:57:30 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7478624904957046
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (; French pronunciation: [ʃaʁl də ɡol] (listen); 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French army officer and statesman who led the French Resistance against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to establish democracy in France. In 1958, he came out of retirement when appointed President of the Council of Ministers by President René Coty. He was asked to rewrite the Constitution of France and founded the Fifth Republic after approval by referendum. He was elected President of France later that year, a position he was reelected to in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969. He was ...
Franklin D. Roosevelt | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (, ; January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. As a dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal Coalition, which realigned American politics into the Fifth Party System and defined American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II. He is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.
Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park, New York, to a Dutch American family made well known by Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States. FDR attended Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School, and went on to practice law in New York City. In 1905, he married his fifth cousin once removed, Eleanor Roosevelt. They had six children. He won election to the New York State Senate in 1910, and then served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. Roosevelt was James M. Cox's running mate on the Democratic Party's 1920 national ticket, but Cox was defeated by Warren G. Harding. In 1921, Roosevelt contracted a paralytic illness, believed at the time to be polio, and his legs became permanently paralyzed. While attempting to recover from his condition, Roosevelt founded the treatment center in Warm Springs, Georgia, for people with poliomyelitis. In spite of being unable to walk unaided, Roosevelt returned to public office by winning election as Governor of New York in 1928. He was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform Governor, promoting programs to combat the economic crisis besetting the United States at the time.
In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated Republican President Herbert Hoover in a landslide. Roosevelt took office while the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression, the worst economic crisis in the country's history. During the first 100 days of the 73rd United States Congress, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented federal legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal—a variety of programs designed to produce relief, recovery, and reform. He created numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and farmers while seeking economic recovery with the National Recovery Administration and other programs. He also instituted major regulatory reforms related to finance, communications, and labor, and presided over the end of Prohibition. The economy having improved rapidly from 1933 to 1936, Roosevelt won a landslide reelection in 1936. However, the economy then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 and 1938. After the 1936 election, Roosevelt sought passage of the Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 (the court packing plan), which would have expanded the size of the Supreme Court of the United States. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented passage of the bill and blocked the implementation of further New Deal programs and reforms. Major surviving programs and legislation implemented under Roosevelt include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the National Labor Relations Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and Social Security.
Roosevelt ran successfully for reelection in 1940. His victory made him the only U.S. President to serve for more than two terms. With World War II looming after 1938, Roosevelt gave strong dip ...
Harry S. Truman | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Harry S. Truman
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953), taking office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. A World War I veteran, he assumed the presidency during the waning months of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. He is known for implementing the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, for establishing the Truman Doctrine and NATO against Soviet and Chinese Communism, and for intervening in the Korean War. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He used the veto power 180 times, more than any president since, and saw 12 overridden by Congress; only Grover Cleveland and Franklin D. Roosevelt used the veto more often, and only Gerald Ford and Andrew Johnson saw so many veto overrides. He is the only world leader to have used nuclear weapons in war. He desegregated the U.S. Armed Forces, supported a newly independent Israel and was a founder of the United Nations.
Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his family's 550-acre (220 ha) farm near Independence. In the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he briefly owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party and the political machine of Tom Pendergast. Truman was first elected to public office as a county official in 1922, and then as a U.S. Senator in 1934. He gained national prominence as chairman of the Truman Committee, formed in March 1941, which aimed to find and correct waste and inefficiency in Federal Government wartime contracts. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri (1935–1945) and briefly as Vice President (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Truman approved the use of atomic bombs to end the fighting and to spare the U.S. and Japanese lives that would inevitably be lost in the planned invasion of Japan and Japanese-held islands in the Pacific. This decision and the numerous resulting issues remain the subject of debate to this day. Critics argue that the nuclear bombings were unnecessary since conventional methods could have achieved surrender, while defenders assert that it ultimately saved more lives that would have been lost during an invasion. Truman presided over an unexpected surge in economic prosperity as the U.S. sought readjustment after long years of depression and war. His presidency was a turning point in foreign affairs as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy and renounced isolationism. Truman helped found the United Nations in 1945, issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to contain Communism and got the $13 billion Marshall Plan enacted to rebuild Western Europe. His political coalition was based on the white South, labor unions, farmers, ethnic groups and traditional Democrats across the North. Truman was able to rally these groups of supporters during the 1948 presidential election and win a surprise victory that secured a presidential term in his own right.
The Soviet Union, then led by Joseph Stalin, became an enemy in the Cold War. Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949, but was unable to stop Communists from taking over China in 1949. In 1950, he survived unharmed from an assassination attempt. When Communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he sent U.S. troops and gained UN approval for the Korean War. After initial successes in Korea, the UN forces were thrown back by Chinese intervention and the con ...
Les plus grosses catastrophes naturelles - Documentaire français (english subtitles/cc)
Une catastrophe naturelle est un événement d'origine naturelle, subi et brutal, qui provoque des bouleversements importants pouvant engendrer de grands dégâts matériels et humains.Si les catastrophes naturelles sont provoquées par des causes météorologiques, sismiques ou autres sur lesquelles l'homme n'a pas de prise, leurs bilans dépendent fortement du facteur humain.
Franklin Roosevelt | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Franklin Roosevelt
00:05:26 1 Early life and marriage
00:05:35 1.1 Childhood and education
00:08:53 1.2 Marriage, family, and affairs
00:13:14 2 Early political career (1910–1920)
00:13:26 2.1 New York State senator (1910–1912)
00:17:07 2.2 Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1913–1919)
00:21:27 2.3 Campaign for Vice President (1920)
00:23:19 3 Paralytic illness and political comeback (1921–1928)
00:27:39 4 Governor of New York (1929–1932)
00:31:08 5 1932 presidential election
00:36:27 6 Presidency (1933–1945)
00:37:56 6.1 First and second terms (1933–1941)
00:39:12 6.1.1 First New Deal (1933–1934)
00:44:17 6.1.2 Second New Deal (1935–1936)
00:48:31 6.1.3 Landslide re-election, 1936
00:50:45 6.1.4 Supreme Court fight and second term legislation
00:55:26 6.1.5 Conservation and the environment
00:56:28 6.1.6 GNP and unemployment rates
00:57:49 6.1.7 Foreign policy (1933–1941)
01:02:46 6.2 Election of 1940: Breaking with tradition
01:05:12 6.3 Third and fourth terms (1941–1945)
01:05:24 6.3.1 Lead-up to the war
01:07:58 6.3.2 Pearl Harbor and declarations of war
01:11:36 6.3.3 War plans
01:13:27 6.3.4 Nuclear program
01:14:27 6.3.5 Wartime conferences
01:17:49 6.3.6 Course of the war
01:21:07 6.3.7 Home front
01:25:15 6.3.8 Declining health
01:26:27 6.3.9 Election of 1944
01:28:16 6.3.10 Final months, death and aftermath (1945)
01:30:56 7 Civil rights, internment, and the Holocaust
01:35:43 8 Legacy
01:35:51 8.1 Historical reputation
01:38:16 8.2 Memorials
01:39:00 9 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (, ; January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. As a dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal Coalition, which realigned American politics into the Fifth Party System and defined American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II. He is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.
Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park, New York, to a Dutch American family made well known by Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States. FDR attended Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School, and went on to practice law in New York City. In 1905, he married his fifth cousin once removed, Eleanor Roosevelt. They had six children. He won election to the New York State Senate in 1910, and then served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. Roosevelt was James M. Cox's running mate on the Democratic Party's 1920 national ticket, but Cox was defeated by Warren G. Harding. In 1921, Roosevelt contracted a paralytic illness, believed at the time to be polio, and his legs became permanently paralyzed. While attempting to recover from his condition, Roosevelt founded the treatment center in Warm Springs, Georgia, for people with poliomyelitis. In spite of being unable to walk unaided, Roosevelt returned to public office by winning election as Governor of New York in 1928. He was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform Governor, promoting programs to combat the economic crisis besetting the United States at the time.
In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated Republican President Herbert Hoover in a landslide. Roosevelt took office while the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression, the worst economic crisis in the country's history. During the ...
Harry Truman | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Harry Truman
00:05:18 1 Early life and career
00:09:32 1.1 World War I
00:14:57 1.2 Continued military service
00:16:21 2 Politics
00:16:30 2.1 Jackson County judge
00:19:34 2.2 U.S. Senator from Missouri
00:22:23 2.2.1 Truman Committee
00:24:06 3 Vice Presidency (1945)
00:27:18 4 Presidency (1945–1953)
00:28:22 4.1 First term (1945–1949)
00:28:34 4.1.1 Assuming office and the atomic bomb
00:32:40 4.1.2 Strikes and economic upheaval
00:38:19 4.1.3 United Nations, Marshall Plan, Cold War, and China
00:41:18 4.1.4 Berlin airlift
00:42:35 4.1.5 Recognition of Israel
00:44:51 4.2 1948 election
00:50:32 4.3 Full elected term (1949–1953)
00:51:16 4.3.1 Korean War
00:55:17 4.3.2 Worldwide defense
00:58:13 4.3.3 Soviet espionage and McCarthyism
01:00:12 4.3.4 White House renovations and assassination attempt
01:02:46 4.3.5 Steel and coal strikes
01:03:42 4.3.6 Scandals and controversies
01:06:07 4.4 Civil rights
01:08:23 4.5 Administration and cabinet
01:08:32 4.6 International trips
01:08:46 4.7 1952 election
01:11:17 5 Post-presidency
01:15:17 6 Death
01:16:03 7 Tributes and legacy
01:16:55 7.1 Legacy
01:20:43 7.2 Sites and honors
01:25:04 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953), taking office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. A World War I veteran, he assumed the presidency during the waning months of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. He is known for implementing the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, for establishing the Truman Doctrine and NATO against Soviet and Chinese Communism, and for intervening in the Korean War. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He used the veto power 180 times, more than any president since, and saw 12 overridden by Congress; only Grover Cleveland and Franklin D. Roosevelt used the veto more often, and only Gerald Ford and Andrew Johnson saw so many veto overrides. He is the only world leader to have used nuclear weapons in war. He desegregated the U.S. Armed Forces, supported a newly independent Israel and was a founder of the United Nations.
Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his family's 550-acre (220 ha) farm near Independence. In the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he briefly owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party and the political machine of Tom Pendergast. Truman was first elected to public office as a county official in 1922, and then as a U.S. Senator in 1934. He gained national prominence as chairman of the Truman Committee, formed in March 1941, which aimed to find and correct waste and inefficiency in Federal Government wartime contracts. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri (1935–1945) and briefly as Vice President (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Truman approved the use of atomic bombs to end the fighting and to spare the U.S. and Japanese lives that would inevitably be lost in the planned invasion of Japan and Japanese-held islands in the Pacific. This decision and the numerous resulting issues remain the subject of debate to this day. Critics argue that the nuclear bombings were unnecessary since conventional methods—such as the equally devastating firebombing or naval blockade—could have achieved surrender, while defenders assert that such measure was desperately needed to shock Japan into surrender in order to save more lives that would have been ...
Korean War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Korean War
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: 한국전쟁; Hanja: 韓國戰爭; RR: Hanguk Jeonjaeng, Korean War; in North Korean Chosŏn'gŭl: 조국해방전쟁; Hancha: 祖國解放戰爭; MR: Choguk haebang chŏnjaeng, Fatherland: Liberation War; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border.As a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea had been split into two sovereign states. Both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union and China—moved into the south on 25 June 1950. The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation and dispatch of UN forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing around 90% of the military personnel.After the first two months of war, South Korean and U.S. forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat, forced back to a small area in the south known as the Pusan Perimeter. In September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Incheon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were forced back north. UN forces rapidly approached the Yalu River—the border with China—but in October 1950, mass Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. The surprise Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951.
In these reversals of fortune, Seoul changed hands four times, and the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies.
The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed. The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no peace treaty was ever signed, and according to some sources the two Koreas are technically still at war, engaged in a frozen conflict. In April 2018, the leaders of North and South Korea met at the demilitarized zone and agreed to sign a treaty by the end of the year to formally end the Korean War.As a war undeclared by all participants, the conflict helped bring the term police action into common use. It also led to the permanent alteration of the balance of power within the United Nations, where Resolution 377—passed in 1950 to allow a bypassing of the Security Council if that body could not reach an agreement—led to the General Assembly displacing the Security Council as the primary organ of the UN.
Sukarno | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Sukarno
00:02:06 1 Name
00:03:41 2 Background
00:07:26 3 Independence struggle
00:13:33 4 World War II and the Japanese occupation
00:23:48 5 War leader
00:39:25 6 Figurehead president
00:49:44 7 'Guided Democracy' and increasing autocracy
00:54:33 7.1 Foreign policy
01:03:39 7.2 Domestic tensions
01:11:06 8 Removal from power and death
01:18:38 9 Family
01:20:37 10 Honours
01:21:24 11 In popular culture
01:21:34 11.1 Books
01:22:03 11.2 Songs
01:22:32 11.3 Movies
01:24:55 12 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Sukarno (; born Kusno Sosrodihardjo, Javanese: [kʊsnɔ]; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was the first President of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
Sukarno was the leader of his country's struggle for Independence from the Netherlands. He was a prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement during the Dutch colonial period, and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces. Sukarno and his fellow nationalists collaborated to garner support for the Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas. Upon Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, and Sukarno was appointed as first president. He led Indonesians in resisting Dutch re-colonization efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch acknowledgement of Indonesian independence in 1949. Author Pramoedya Ananta Toer once wrote Sukarno was the only Asian leader of the modern era able to unify people of such differing ethnic, cultural and religious backgrounds without shedding a drop of blood.After a chaotic period of parliamentary democracy, Sukarno established an autocratic system called Guided Democracy in 1957 that successfully ended the instability and rebellions which were threatening the survival of the diverse and fractious country. The early 1960s saw Sukarno veering Indonesia to the left by providing support and protection to the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) to the irritation of the military and Islamists. He also embarked on a series of aggressive foreign policies under the rubric of anti-imperialism, with aid from the Soviet Union and China. The failure of the 30 September Movement (1965) led to the destruction of the PKI and his replacement in 1967 by one of his generals, Suharto (see Transition to the New Order), and he remained under house arrest until his death.
History of the United States | Wikipedia audio article | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the United States | Wikipedia audio article
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 15,000 BC. Numerous cultures formed. The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas. Most colonies formed after 1600. By the 1770s, thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains. After defeating France, the British government imposed a series of new taxes after 1765, rejecting the colonists' argument that new taxes needed their approval (see Stamp Act 1765). Tax resistance, especially the Boston Tea Party (1773), led to punitive laws by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts.
Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride.
Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny, U.S. territory expanded all the way to the Pacific coast. While the United States was large in terms of area, its population in 1790 was only 4 million. However, it grew rapidly, reaching 7.2 million in 1810, 32 million in 1860, 76 million in 1900, 132 million in 1940, and 321 million in 2015. Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater. However compared to European powers, the nation's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940. The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners. The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles, which were resolved by compromises. Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason–Dixon line by 1804, but the South continued to profit off of the institution, mostly from production of cotton. Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery.
Seven Southern slave states rebelled and created the foundation of the Confederacy. Its attack of Fort Sumter against the Union forces started the Civil War (1861–1865). Confederate defeat led to the impoverishment of the South and the abolition of slavery. In the Reconstruction Era (1863–1877), legal and voting rights were extended to freed slaves. The national government emerged much stronger, and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights. However, when white Democrats regained their power in the South in 1877, often by paramilitary suppression of voting, they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy, and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting. This continued until gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights were made.
The United States became the world's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe. The national railroad network was completed and large-sc ...
History of the United States | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the United States
00:06:53 1 Pre-Columbian Era
00:08:19 1.1 Native development prior to European contact
00:15:21 1.1.1 Major cultures
00:23:57 1.2 Native development in Hawaii
00:24:46 2 Colonial period
00:25:41 2.1 Spanish, Dutch, and French colonization
00:28:45 2.2 British colonization
00:32:58 3 18th century
00:34:00 3.1 Political integration and autonomy
00:37:39 4 American Revolution
00:40:57 5 Early years of the republic
00:41:06 5.1 Confederation and Constitution
00:43:00 5.2 President George Washington
00:45:47 5.3 Slavery
00:46:56 6 19th century
00:47:05 6.1 Jeffersonian Republican Era
00:48:11 6.2 War of 1812
00:50:44 6.3 Era of Good Feelings
00:52:38 6.4 Indian removal
00:53:41 6.5 Second Party System
00:56:42 6.6 Second Great Awakening
00:57:37 6.7 Abolitionism
00:58:26 6.8 Westward expansion and Manifest Destiny
01:02:30 6.9 Divisions between North and South
01:08:05 6.10 Civil War
01:15:12 6.11 Emancipation
01:16:28 6.12 Reconstruction Era
01:19:43 6.13 The West and the Gilded Age
01:25:14 7 20th century
01:25:23 7.1 Progressive Era
01:27:16 7.2 Imperialism
01:29:07 7.3 World War I
01:30:30 7.4 Women's suffrage
01:33:47 7.5 Roaring Twenties
01:35:24 7.6 Great Depression and New Deal
01:38:23 7.7 World War II
01:45:30 7.8 The Cold War, counterculture, and civil rights
01:49:31 7.8.1 Climax of liberalism
01:51:29 7.8.2 Civil Rights Movement
01:53:53 7.8.3 The Women's Movement
01:56:15 7.8.4 The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War Détente
01:59:25 7.9 Close of the 20th century
02:04:52 8 21st century
02:05:01 8.1 9/11 and the War on Terror
02:10:37 8.2 The Great Recession
02:12:35 8.3 Recent events
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 15,000 BC. Numerous cultures formed. The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas. Most colonies formed after 1600. By the 1770s, thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains. After defeating France, the British government imposed a series of new taxes after 1765, rejecting the colonists' argument that new taxes needed their approval (see Stamp Act 1765). Tax resistance, especially the Boston Tea Party (1773), led to punitive laws by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts.
Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride.
Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny, U.S. territory expanded all the way to the Pacific coast. While the United States was large in terms of area, its population in 1790 was only 4 million. However, it grew rapidly, reaching 7.2 million in 1810, 32 million in 1860, 76 million in 1900, 132 million in 1940, and 321 million in 2015. Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater. However compared to European powers, the nation's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940. The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners. The ...