Dr. Peter Beter Audio Letter 51: Dollar; Russian Program; Synthetic Automatons - October 27, 1979
Dr. Peter David Beter - Audio Letter 51 - October 27, 1979
Text:
MP3:
(1) The crash of the United States dollar
(2) The Russian program to sell SALT II
(3) The surprise Bolshevik deployment of synthetic automatons
Hello, my friends, this is Dr. Beter in Washington. Today is
Oct. 27, 1979, and this is my AUDIO LETTER No. 51.
The autumn of 1929 was a time of restless anticipation. On
all sides the air was stirring with the winds of change, radical
change. In the United States the Prohibition Era was in full
swing. Countless thousands of illegal speak-easies sprouted up
all over America. Millions of Americans determined to enjoy the
high times filled the speak-easies. One dance craze after
another swept the nation, and yet it was all just a little
unreal. Now and then people wondered: Where is all this
leading? At the same time, Americans were increasingly worried
about crime. Prohibition had brought with it a crime wave
unprecedented in America. It was the era of the famous
gangsters--the Capones and the Dillingers. On one hand people
were afraid, yet they were also fascinated, and gangster movies
would soon be packing the theaters. It was also a time of
turbulence on the international scene. In the Far East, tensions
over Manchuria were building among China, Russia, and Japan.
Soon China would be fighting, first with Russia, then with Japan;
but even as these and other tensions were rising, disarmament was
in the air. The great powers were discussing naval limitations,
and there was talk of convening a great conference for general
disarmament.
Developments like these were setting the stage for war to
come; but to most Americans they did not seem to matter much. It
was more exciting to watch the multiplying exploits in aviation
of that day. In 1927 Charles Lindbergh had flown the Atlantic in
the first non-stop flight from New York to Paris. Later he and
other aviators of this and other countries were outdoing
themselves with new accomplishments. An era was beginning which
would see flights spreading across continents, spanning oceans,
and girdling the globe. It was a time of thrills with both
tragedy and triumph. Aviation had caught the imagination of the
public, and yet very few had enough imagination to foresee how
aviation would soon revolutionize the world.
But in that autumn of 50 years ago all eyes were turning to
watch just one thing above all others--it was the New York stock
market. For years the stock market had been booming upward. It
had been so strong for so long that it seemed like a sure thing,
but now for some reason the stock market was beginning to shudder
slightly. Prices reached a peak in September 1929, then they
began to shiver and shudder erratically. Some stocks continued
to climb, others dropped; trading volume began to increase as
more and more shares changed hands. Meanwhile the market as a
whole began to drop. The market was suffering from chills and
fever, shivering slowly downward. Then came Black Thursday,
October 24. Stocks were sold off in an avalanche as panicky
traders tried to beat each other to the punch in getting out.
The tumult on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange grew so
loud that worried crowds collected outside in Wall Street. By
noon there were beginning to be news bulletins. Well-known
speculators committed suicide. Meanwhile a visitor had arrived
from England just at the right moment to stand in the galleries
and watch the frenzy. His name: Winston Churchill. It was not
until well into that evening that the ticker tape finally caught
up with the chaos. All around the country, investors and
speculators waited and watched. For many, the numbers on the
tape spelled RUIN. As people began to recover from the shock,
there were all kinds of official reassurances. The public was
assured that the market and the economy still were sound and
strong. It was said that there had been simply a shaking out of
weak spots.
The one thing no one told the public was the TRUTH. The truth
was that the worst was yet to come. It came five days later, on
Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929. As soon as the New York Stock
Exchange opened it was flooded with orders to sell. More than
16-million shares were sold, a record that stood for 40 years.
In the process, the Dow Jones averages dropped nearly 12% in a
single day. Near the close there was a sudden rally because
those who secretly had triggered the crash were snapping up
bargains, but the day ended as the worst in history for the New
York stock market.[...]
Top 10 Cities of the Future — TopTenzNet
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If you think about it, human settlements tend to have their own gravitational pull. Like stars and planets in the universe, cities draw people from all around the “neighborhood.” The bigger the city, the larger the area it has a strong influence over.
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Coming up:
10. Masdar City – UAE
9. Delhi – Mumbai Industrial Corridor – India
8. King Abdullah Economic City (KAEC) – Saudi Arabia
7. Songdo International Business District (IBD) – South Korea
6. One tower, One city, Several Countries
5. Mexico’s own Rabbit Hole
4. The Arctic Russians
3. Taming the High Seas
2. The Venus Project
1. Fixing an already existing problem
Source/Other reading:
Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russia
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people as of 2018, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
Russia's economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has b ...
Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was a politician who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
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Nikita Khrushchev | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nikita Khrushchev
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (15 April 1894 – 11 September 1971) was a Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
Khrushchev was born in 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, which is close to the present-day border between Russia and Ukraine. He was employed as a metal worker during his youth, and he was a political commissar during the Russian Civil War. With the help of Lazar Kaganovich, he worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. He supported Joseph Stalin's purges, and approved thousands of arrests. In 1938, Stalin sent him to govern Ukraine, and he continued the purges there. During what was known in the Soviet Union as the Great Patriotic War (Eastern Front of World War II), Khrushchev was again a commissar, serving as an intermediary between Stalin and his generals. Khrushchev was present at the bloody defense of Stalingrad, a fact he took great pride in throughout his life. After the war, he returned to Ukraine before being recalled to Moscow as one of Stalin's close advisers.
Stalin's death in 1953 triggered a power struggle, from which Khrushchev ultimately emerged victorious. On 25 February 1956, at the 20th Party Congress, he delivered the Secret Speech, which denounced Stalin's purges and ushered in a less repressive era in the Soviet Union. His domestic policies, aimed at bettering the lives of ordinary citizens, were often ineffective, especially in agriculture. Hoping eventually to rely on missiles for national defense, Khrushchev ordered major cuts in conventional forces. Despite the cuts, Khrushchev's rule saw the most tense years of the Cold War, culminating in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Khrushchev's popularity was eroded by flaws in his policies. This emboldened his potential opponents, who quietly rose in strength and deposed the Premier in October 1964. However, he did not suffer the deadly fate of previous Soviet power struggles, and was pensioned off with an apartment in Moscow and a dacha in the countryside. His lengthy memoirs were smuggled to the West and published in part in 1970. Khrushchev died in 1971 of a heart attack.
Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people as of 2018, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
Russia's economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons ...
St Petersburg Academy of Sciences | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:09 1 Membership
00:03:26 2 Present structure
00:03:56 2.1 Territorial branches
00:06:07 2.2 Regional centers
00:07:13 3 Institutions
00:09:16 4 Awards
00:09:32 5 History
00:09:41 5.1 The Academy of Sciences of the Russian Empire
00:12:57 5.2 The Academy of Sciences of the USSR
00:18:03 5.3 Post-Soviet period of the Academy
00:19:41 5.3.1 Reforms (2013—2018)
00:24:01 6 Presidents
00:24:43 7 Nobel Prize laureates affiliated with the Academy
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8160957910478788
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Russian: Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíiskaya akadémiya naúk) consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.
Headquartered in Moscow, the Academy (RAS) is considered a civil, self-governed, non-commercial organization chartered by the Government of Russia. It combines the members of RAS (see below) and scientists employed by institutions. Near the central academy building there is a monument to Yuri Gagarin in the square bearing his name.
As of November 2017, the Academy included 1008 institutions and other units; in total about 125,000 people were employed of whom 47,000 were scientific researchers.
Pyongyang | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Pyongyang
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Pyongyang, or P'yŏngyang (UK: , US: ; Korean pronunciation: [pʰjʌŋ.jaŋ]), is the capital and largest city of North Korea. Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about 109 kilometres (68 mi) upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. According to the 2008 population census, it has a population of 3,255,288. The city was split from the South Pyongan province in 1946. It is administered as a directly-administered city (직할시; 直轄市; chikhalsi) with equal status to provinces, the same as special cities in South Korea (특별시; 特別市; teukbyeolsi), including Seoul.
List of planetariums | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:13 1 Permanent planetariums
00:00:37 1.1 Africa
00:01:21 1.2 Asia
00:06:51 1.3 Europe
00:21:00 1.4 North America
00:21:09 1.4.1 Canada
00:22:56 1.4.2 Costa Rica
00:23:08 1.4.3 Mexico
00:25:50 1.4.4 United States
00:40:49 1.5 Oceania
00:41:41 1.6 South America
00:44:17 2 Planetarium computer software
00:45:02 3 Planetarium manufacturers
00:50:40 4 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9924122717036314
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
This entry is a list of permanent planetariums, including software and manufacturers. In addition, many mobile planetariums exist, touring venues such as schools.
Mummy | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mummy
00:01:35 1 Etymology and meaning
00:03:04 2 History of mummy studies
00:05:16 3 Types
00:06:03 4 Egyptian mummies
00:10:43 4.1 Mummification and rank
00:11:23 4.1.1 Most perfect method
00:13:38 4.1.2 Avoiding expense
00:14:39 4.1.3 Inexpensive method
00:15:03 5 Christian mummies
00:15:19 6 Mummification in other cultures
00:15:29 6.1 Africa
00:15:51 6.1.1 Libya
00:17:01 6.1.2 South Africa
00:17:36 6.2 Asia
00:18:07 6.2.1 China
00:20:43 6.2.2 Iran
00:21:40 6.2.3 Siberia
00:23:02 6.2.4 Philippines
00:23:25 6.3 Europe
00:24:05 6.3.1 Bog bodies
00:25:27 6.3.2 Canary Islands
00:26:20 6.3.3 Czech Republic
00:28:03 6.3.4 Denmark
00:29:55 6.3.5 Hungary
00:30:29 6.3.6 Italy
00:32:20 6.4 North America
00:32:54 6.4.1 Canada
00:33:36 6.4.2 Greenland
00:34:09 6.4.3 Mexico
00:35:25 6.4.4 United States
00:36:06 6.5 Oceania
00:36:45 6.5.1 Australia
00:37:28 6.5.2 Torres Strait
00:38:12 6.5.3 New Zealand
00:39:38 6.6 South America
00:40:38 6.6.1 Chinchorro mummies
00:41:22 6.6.2 Inca mummies
00:44:31 7 Self-mummification
00:45:34 8 Modern mummies
00:45:43 8.1 Jeremy Bentham
00:46:40 8.2 Vladimir Lenin
00:47:30 8.3 Gottfried Knoche
00:48:11 8.4 Summum
00:48:49 8.5 Alan Billis
00:49:25 8.6 Plastination
00:50:26 9 Treatment of ancient mummies in modern times
00:52:50 10 In popular culture
00:53:00 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A mummy is a deceased human or an animal whose skin and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions. Some authorities restrict the use of the term to bodies deliberately embalmed with chemicals, but the use of the word to cover accidentally desiccated bodies goes back to at least 1615 AD (See the section Etymology and meaning).
Mummies of humans and other animals have been found on every continent, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts. Over one million animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats. Many of the Egyptian animal mummies are sacred ibis, and radiocarbon dating suggests the Egyptian Ibis mummies that have been analyzed were from time frame that falls between approximately 450 and 250 BC.In addition to the well-known mummies of ancient Egypt, deliberate mummification was a feature of several ancient cultures in areas of America and Asia with very dry climates. The Spirit Cave mummies of Fallon, Nevada in North America were accurately dated at more than 9,400 years old. Before this discovery, the oldest known deliberate mummy was a child, one of the Chinchorro mummies found in the Camarones Valley, Chile, which dates around 5050 BC. The oldest known naturally mummified human corpse is a severed head dated as 6,000 years old, found in 1936 AD at the site named Inca Cueva No. 4 in South America.