Mohács, Hungary
Mohács, town and river port, located in southern Hungary, is a common stop on Danube River cruises. In the past, the small town of Mohács twice was the place for decisive events in Hungarian and European history. Two massive and historically crucial battles were fought near the small town of Mohács. The Ottomans won the first in 1526 and swept north, the Habsburgs the second in 1687, driving the Ottomans out of East-Central Europe. The Historical Memorial Park just outside of town has a comprehensive collection of clothing, tools, and arms that show the cultural differences between the enemies. The town has a number of fascinating churches: the 18th-century Baroque Protestant church, the Roman Catholic church, the Serbian Greek Orthodox church and the Avas church. The central square is dominated by the Battlefield Memorial Church, the so-called Votive Church. On one side of the central square is the Town Hall, an intriguing Moorish style building, with cream and pink stonework and green domes. In front of the town hall and the church, there is a statue embodying what the town believes in. The Statue of the Three Nationalities is a good example how to present that all people are the same, no matter of our nationalities or religion. Today, Mohács is well known for its Busó Carnival, a wide range of tourist attraction and its vicinity to the nearby city of Pécs. Most important is the vicinity of the Duna (Danube)-Dráva National Park and its wide range of attractions. Mohás, since some years, has become a brand new destination for eco tourism activities and the outstanding quality of food and drinks make it a perfect destination for relaxed outdoor holidays.
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#Mohács #Hungary #MohácsHungary #verynicetravel
Tiltott kastélyok 3. – Küküllővári Hallerek
Egy falu a Küküllő mentén, Erdély békétlen vidékén, ahol a románság különösen magyarellenes. Egy templom a dombtetőn, ahol levágott és elcserélt fejek kerülnek elő. Egy pap, aki szórványlétben sem ismer lehetetlent. Egy gróf, aki a lovagiatlan XXI. században is lovag maradt. Évekig mindhiába ostromoltuk Küküllővárat, most megkíséreljük bevenni. Amit a vaskos bástyák őriznek, az a sokat látott utazót is szíven üti. Sorozatunk újabb része az erdélyi főnemesség jóvátételi harcáról.
Megvalósult a Magyar Kormány támogatásával: Miniszterelnökség Nemzetpolitikai Államtitkárság, Bethlen Gábor Alap
Budapest | Wikipedia audio article
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Budapest
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Budapest is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary, and the tenth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits. The city had an estimated population of 1,752,704 in 2016 distributed over a land area of about 525 square kilometres (203 square miles). Budapest is both a city and county, and forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area, which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres (2,944 square miles) and a population of 3,303,786, comprising 33 percent of the population of Hungary.The history of the city began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into a Roman town of Aquincum, the capital of Lower Pannonia. The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century. By the 11th century, Buda and Óbuda (Old Buda) became the names of their settlements on the west bank of the river Danube, with a formerly Slavic and then German settlement Pest on the opposite side. The area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241. The Battle of Mohács in 1526 was followed by nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule. After the reconquest of Buda in 1686, the region entered a new age of prosperity. Pest-Buda became a global city with the unification of Buda, Óbuda, and Pest on November 17, 1873, with the name 'Budapest' given to the new capital. Budapest also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a great power that dissolved in 1918, following World War I. The city was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Battle of Budapest in 1945, and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.Budapest is a Beta+ global city with strengths in commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. It is Hungary's financial centre and the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city on Innovation Cities Top 100 index, as well ranked as the second fastest-developing urban economy in Europe. Budapest is host to many major international organization's regional offices, including the United Nations and ICDT, furthermore it is the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the European Police College and the first foreign office of the China Investment Promotion Agency. Over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including the Eötvös Loránd University, Semmelweis University and the notable Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Opened in 1896, the city's subway system, the Budapest Metro, serves 1.27 million, while the Budapest Tram Network serves 1.08 million passengers daily.Budapest is cited as one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, ranked as the world's second best city by Condé Nast Traveler, and Europe's 7th most idyllic place to live by Forbes. Among Budapest's important museums and cultural institutions is the Museum of Fine Arts. Further famous cultural institutions are the Hungarian National Museum, House of Terror, Franz Liszt Academy of Music, Hungarian State Opera House and National Széchényi Library. The central area of the city along the Danube River is classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has many notable monuments, including the Hungarian Parliament, Buda Castle, Fisherman's Bastion, Gresham Palace, Széchenyi Chain Bridge, Matthias Church and the Liberty Statue. Other famous landmarks include Andrássy Avenue, St. Stephen's Basilica, Heroes' Square, the Great Market Hall, the Nyugati Railway Station built by the Eiffel Company of Paris in 1877 and the second-oldest metro line in the world, the Millennium Underground Railway. The city also has around 80 geothermal springs, the largest thermal water cave system, second largest synagogue, and third largest Parliament building in the world. Budapest attracts 4.4 million international tourists per year, making it a popular destination in Europe.
Arad, Romania
Arad is the capital city of Arad County, historically situated in the regions of Crişana, and having recently extended on the left bank of the Mureș river, in Banat region of western Romania.
An important industrial center and transportation hub on the Mureș River, Arad is also the seat of a Romanian Orthodox archbishop and features two universities, a Romanian Orthodox theological seminary and a training school for teachers. It had one of the first music conservatories in Europe. The city has a population of 159,704, making it the 12th largest city in Romania. Arad is the third largest city in the western part of the country, behind Timișoara and Oradea.
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Dracula by Bram Stoker | Full Audiobook with Subtitles | Part 1 of 2
Dracula (version 3)
Bram STOKER
Famous for introducing the character of the vampire Count Dracula, the novel tells the story of Dracula's attempt to move from Transylvania to England so he may find new blood and spread the undead curse, and the battle between Dracula and a small group of men and women led by Professor Abraham Van Helsing.
Although Stoker did not invent the vampire, he defined its modern form, and the novel has spawned numerous theatrical, film and television interpretations. - Summary by wikipedia
Genre(s): Action & Adventure Fiction, Horror & Supernatural Fiction, Gothic Fiction Audio Book Audiobooks All Rights Reserved. This is a Librivox recording. All Librivox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer visit librivox.org.
Biserica reformată din DAIA (Székelydálya) Reformed Church (Harghita County, Transylvania, Romania)
Enable Englis subtitle ! - Activați subtitrarea în românește !
Biserica din Daia, un sat din sud-estul Transilvaniei, la sud de Odorheiu Secuiesc (județul Harghita) a fost edificată și pictată interior în mai multe etape pe parcursul secolelor XII-XIX. Răspândirea masivă în Transilvania a reformei protestante la începutul secolului al XVI-lea face ca biserica și întreaga zonă să treacă la cultul reformat și așa au rămas. Deși uzanțele protestante din acele vremuri făceau să fie acoperite sau distruse picturile murale, biserica din Daia se remarcă prin conservarea acestora, nefiind nici măcar acoperite. Pe ziduri se pot recunoaște urmele unor picturi în frescă: Sfântu gheorghe, legendele Sfântului rege Ladislau și corabia condusă de Papă și Împăratul Romano-German. În schimb, tavanul sanctuarului păstrează foarte bine o uimitoare și neobișnuită (pentru biserici) pictură în stil Renaissance, cu blazoane și datând de pe la anul 1500. Blazoanele pictate sunt fie de tip familial (Lénárd Barabási, vice-voievodul Ardealului; Dinastia Arpadiană; regele Ladislau al II-lea Jagello al Ungariei), ale orașelor (Cluj sau Sighișoara, Sibiu și Brașov) și ale etniilor (sași și secui). Ghidul nostru excepțional a fost Fülöp Szabolcs, pastorul bisericii. Fundalul muzical al videoclipului este creat de cei mai de seamă compozitori protestanți ai tuturor timpurilor și anume Georg Friedrich Händel (oratoriul Messia) și Johann Sebastian Bach (Toccata în D Minor).
The church in Daia, a village in southeastern Transylvania, south of the Odorheiu Secuiesc (Harghita County), was built and painted several stages during the 12th-19th centuries. The massive spread in Transylvania of the Protestant reform at the beginning of the 16th century makes the church and the whole area pass to the reformed worship, and so remain. Although the Protestant uses of those times were to cover or destroy mural paintings, the church of Daia stands out by preserving them, not even covered. The traces of paintings in the fresco can be seen on the walls: Saint George, the legends of Saint Ladislau and the ship led by Pope and the Roman-German Emperor. Instead, the ceiling of the sanctuary preserves a remarkable and unusual (for churches) Renaissance-style painting with coat of arms dating back to 1500. The painted coat of arms are either of a family type (Lénárd Barabási, the vice-voivode of Transylvania; the Arpadian Dynasty; King Ladislaus II Jagello of Hungary), cities (Cluj or Sighisoara, Sibiu and Brasov) and ethnicities (Saxons and Szeklers). Our exceptional guide was Fülöp Szabolcs, the pastor of the church. The musical background of the video is created by the most prominent Protestant composers of all time, namely Georg Friedrich Händel (Messia Oratorio) and Johann Sebastian Bach (Toccata in D Minor).
Czech Republic | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Czech Republic
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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SUMMARY
=======
The Czech Republic ( ( listen); Czech: Česká republika [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka] ( listen)), also known by its short-form name, Czechia ( ( listen); Czech: Česko [ˈtʃɛsko] ( listen)), is a landlocked country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres (30,450 sq mi) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary republic, with 10.6 million inhabitants; its capital and largest city is Prague, with 1.3 million residents. Other major cities are Brno, Ostrava and Pilsen. The Czech Republic is a member of the European Union (EU), NATO, the OECD, the United Nations, the OSCE, and the Council of Europe.
It is a developed country with an advanced, high income export-oriented social market economy based in services, manufacturing and innovation. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development. The Czech Republic is a welfare state with a continental European social model, a universal health care system, tuition-free university education an is ranked 14th in the Human Capital Index. It ranks as the 6th safest or most peaceful country and is one of the most non-religious countries in the world, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance.
The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia. The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire. After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty. In 1002, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Besides Bohemia itself, the king of Bohemia ruled the lands of the Bohemian Crown, he had a vote in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor, and Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century. In the Hussite Wars of the 15th century driven by the Protestant Bohemian Reformation, the kingdom faced economic embargoes and defeated five consecutive crusades proclaimed by the leaders of the Catholic Church.
Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Protestant Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule, eradicated Protestantism and reimposed Catholicism, and also adopted a policy of gradual Germanization. This contributed to the anti-Habsburg sentiment. A long history of resentment of the Catholic Church followed and still continues. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Bohemian Kingdom became part of the Austrian Empire and the Czech language experienced a revival as a consequence of widespread romantic nationalism. In the 19th century, the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and were subsequently the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia, which was formed in 1918 following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I.
Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in this part of Europe in the interwar period. However, the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, while the Slovak region became the Slovak Republic; Czechoslovakia was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German-speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections and after the 1948 coup d'état, Czechoslovakia became a one-party communist state under Soviet influence. In 19 ...
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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SUMMARY
=======
Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ( listen) or ; abbreviated B&H; Bosnian and Serbian: Bosna i Hercegovina (BiH) / Боснa и Херцеговина (БиХ), Croatian: Bosna i Hercegovina (BiH), pronounced [bôsna i xěrtseɡoʋina]), sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina, and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe in the Balkan Peninsula. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city.
Bosnia and Herzegovina is an almost landlocked country – it has a narrow coast at the Adriatic Sea, about 20 kilometres (12 miles) long surrounding the town of Neum. It is bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast. In the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and the northeast is predominantly flatland. The inland, Bosnia, is a geographically larger region and has a moderate continental climate, with hot summers and cold and snowy winters. The southern tip, Herzegovina, has a Mediterranean climate and plain topography.
Bosnia and Herzegovina traces permanent human settlement back to the Neolithic age, during and after which it was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilizations. Culturally, politically, and socially, the country has a rich history, having been first settled by the Slavic peoples that populate the area today from the 6th through to the 9th centuries. In the 12th century the Banate of Bosnia was established, which evolved into the Kingdom of Bosnia in the 14th century, after which it was annexed into the Ottoman Empire, under whose rule it remained from the mid-15th to the late 19th centuries. The Ottomans brought Islam to the region, and altered much of the cultural and social outlook of the country. This was followed by annexation into the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which lasted up until World War I. In the interwar period, Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and after World War II, it was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the republic proclaimed independence in 1992, which was followed by the Bosnian War, lasting until late 1995.
The country is one of the most frequently visited countries in the region, projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world until 2020. Bosnia and Herzegovina is regionally and internationally renowned for its natural environment and cultural heritage inherited from six historical civilizations, its cuisine, winter sports, its eclectic and unique music, architecture and its festivals, some of which are the largest and most prominent of their kind in Southeastern Europe. The country is home to three main ethnic groups or, officially, constituent peoples, as specified in the constitution. Bosniaks are the largest group of the three, with Serbs second and Croats third. A native of Bosnia and Herzegovina, regardless of ethnicity, is usually identified in English as a Bosnian. Minorities, defined under the constitutional nomenclature Others, include Jews, Roma, Poles, Ukrainians and Turks. Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature and a three-member Presidency composed of a member of each major ethnic group. However, the central government's power is highly limited, as the country is largely decentralized and comprises two autonomous entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, with a third region, the Brčko District, governed under local government. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is complex and consists of 10 cantons.
Bosnia and Herzegovina ranks highly in terms of human development, and has an economy dominated by the industry and agriculture sectors, followed by the tourism and service sectors. The country has a social security and universal healthcare system, and primary- and secondary-level education is tuition-free. It is a member of the UN, OSCE ...
Czech Republic | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Czech Republic
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Czech Republic ( ( listen); Czech: Česká republika [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka] ( listen)), also known by its short-form name, Czechia ( ( listen); Czech: Česko [ˈtʃɛsko] ( listen)), is a landlocked country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres (30,450 sq mi) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary republic, with 10.6 million inhabitants; its capital and largest city is Prague, with 1.3 million residents. Other major cities are Brno, Ostrava and Pilsen. The Czech Republic is a member of the European Union (EU), NATO, the OECD, the United Nations, the OSCE, and the Council of Europe.
It is a developed country with an advanced, high income export-oriented social market economy based in services, manufacturing and innovation. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development. The Czech Republic is a welfare state with a continental European social model, a universal health care system, tuition-free university education an is ranked 14th in the Human Capital Index. It ranks as the 6th safest or most peaceful country and is one of the most non-religious countries in the world, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance.
The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia. The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire. After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty. In 1002, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Besides Bohemia itself, the king of Bohemia ruled the lands of the Bohemian Crown, he had a vote in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor, and Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century. In the Hussite Wars of the 15th century driven by the Protestant Bohemian Reformation, the kingdom faced economic embargoes and defeated five consecutive crusades proclaimed by the leaders of the Catholic Church.
Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Protestant Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule, eradicated Protestantism and reimposed Catholicism, and also adopted a policy of gradual Germanization. This contributed to the anti-Habsburg sentiment. A long history of resentment of the Catholic Church followed and still continues. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Bohemian Kingdom became part of the Austrian Empire and the Czech language experienced a revival as a consequence of widespread romantic nationalism. In the 19th century, the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and were subsequently the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia, which was formed in 1918 following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I.
Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in this part of Europe in the interwar period. However, the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, while the Slovak region became the Slovak Republic; Czechoslovakia was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German-speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections and after the 1948 coup d'état, Czechoslovakia became a one-party communist state under Soviet influence. In 19 ...
Croats | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Croats
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Croats (; Croatian: Hrvati, pronounced [xr̩ʋăːti]) or Croatians are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Croatia. Croats mainly live in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, but are also recognized minorities in such countries as Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
Due to political, social and economic reasons, many Croats migrated to North and South America as well as Australia and New Zealand, establishing a diaspora. Thousands did so as war criminals, particularly to Argentina, Austria, Chile, and Paraguay in the aftermath of World War II, with grassroots assistance from their diasporae and the Roman Catholic Church.Croats are mostly Roman Catholics. The Croatian language is official in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as in the European Union, and is a recognised minority language within Croatian autochthonous communities and minorities in Montenegro, Austria (Burgenland), Italy (Molise), Romania (Carașova, Lupac) and Serbia (Vojvodina).
Early modern warfare | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:58 1 Use of gunpowder before the 16th century
00:02:10 1.1 Origins of gunpowder
00:03:11 1.2 Spread of gunpowder weapons
00:04:45 1.2.1 Gunpowder revolution or evolution?
00:09:58 2 Europe
00:10:07 2.1 Beginning of polygonal fortifications
00:12:22 2.2 Firearms
00:14:01 2.2.1 Decline of plate armour
00:16:28 2.2.2 Transition to flintlock muskets
00:18:45 2.3 Nature of war
00:26:27 2.4 Infantry
00:27:51 2.5 Cavalry
00:31:13 2.6 Naval warfare
00:32:12 3 Islamic empires
00:32:22 3.1 Ottoman Empire
00:35:10 3.1.1 15th century
00:39:15 3.1.2 16th century
00:41:18 3.1.3 17th century
00:42:53 3.2 Iran
00:44:22 3.3 Mughal Empire
00:45:27 3.4 Kingdom of Mysore
00:46:24 3.5 Somalia
00:47:39 4 East Asia
00:47:48 4.1 Japan
00:52:55 4.2 Vietnam
00:53:31 4.3 China
00:56:29 5 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8934982539298072
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Early modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive, including artillery and firearms; for this reason the era is also referred to as the age of gunpowder warfare (a concept introduced by Michael Roberts in the 1950s).
This entire period is contained within the Age of Sail, which characteristic dominated the era's naval tactics, including the use of gunpowder in naval artillery.
All of the Great Powers of Europe and the Islamic gunpowder empires were actively fighting numerous wars throughout this period, grouped in rough geographical and chronological terms as:
The European wars of religion between the 1520s and the 1640s (including the Thirty Years' War, the Eighty Years' War and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) and, the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), the Northern Wars, Polish–Swedish wars and Russo-Swedish Wars;
The Russo-Turkish Wars, Ottoman–Habsburg wars, and other Ottoman wars in Europe.
In the Horn of Africa, the Adal's conquest of Ethiopia and the involving of the Ottomans, Mamluks and the Portuguese.
In Asia, the Persia–Portugal war, Nader's Campaigns, the Mughal conquests, the Chinese Ten Great Campaigns, and the Anglo-Mysore Wars;
Throughout the 18th century the Second Hundred Years' War, an umbrella term which includes the Nine Years' War, Seven Years' War, War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession, American War of Independence (American Revolutionary War), French Revolutionary Wars, and the Napoleonic Wars of the late 18th to early 19th centuries which mark the end of this era.
Transylvania
Coordinates: 46°46′N 23°35′E / 46.767°N 23.583°E / 46.767; 23.583
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