State of the Field 2016: Archaeology of Egypt – Fourth Session
September 24th, 2016
4:00 pm Fourth session – “Breaking political boundaries”: Introduction – Laurel Darcy Hackley (Brown University)
4:10 pm Monica Hanna (Arab Academy for Science and Technology) – Breaking Political Boundaries in Egyptian Archaeology
Since the events in 2011, a new form of advocacy related to Egyptian heritage has started. Due to the security vacuum and the political events, some of the sites, museums and storehouses were attacked and thousands of objects were stolen, as well as many archaeological sites illegally dug. Regular citizens in several parts of Egypt found themselves responsible for the security of many of the sites. Indeed, what made the difference to the fate of each site was how the local community reacted. For example, when the Armant prison, north of Luxor’s west bank, was opened and convicts were let loose in January 2011, the locals of al-Bu’airat and al-Qurna went out with their sticks and few rifles to protect the archaeological sites in the area. On the contrary, in the Memphite necropolis close to Abu Sir, Saqqara, Dahshur, and Lisht, villagers called in microphones for villagers to go out and loot. The same also happened to the urban heritage in many cities; several early twentieth-century buildings were brought down by contractors to build new constructions. The historic centre of medieval Cairo was also subjected to problems such as looting and thefts, destruction of buildings and illegal digging under the most important monuments. With the government not able to stop the widespread cultural desecration using their traditional methods, many groups have formed on their own to raise awareness of the problems and to put enough pressure on the political agenda of the Egyptian government in order to take action. Despite most of the efforts have had limited success compared to expectations, yet these groups have managed to create a very good public awareness of the different problems. They were even consulted when the new Egyptian constitution was being written in 2013 and were part in drafting article 50, aiming at the protection of Egyptian cultural heritage. The pressure these groups have created now gives them enough clout to change the future of Egyptian cultural heritage through collaborative efforts with the Egyptian government and international institutions.
4:30 pm Gerry Scott (The American Research Center in Egypt) – Addressing Economic and Social Needs through Cultural Heritage
Egypt’s recent revolution, with the resulting breakdown in stability, both real and perceived, brought various sorts of stress to different aspects of Egypt’s cultural heritage. Widespread looting of sites and museum break-ins and theft being widely reported. Another significant area of stress was the dramatic downward plummet of Egypt’s tourism sector, both an important component of the Egyptian economy and the major source of revenue for the Ministry of Antiquities. Luxor, in Upper Egypt, a town that relies almost solely on the tourist industry for its survival, was especially hard hit. This paper will examine an innovative project carried out by the American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) and supported with funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to offer employment, while at the same time continuing ARCE’s tradition of offering training for Ministry of Antiquities staff and conducting monument conservation. It will also describe some other related projects.
4:50 pm Response: Robert Preucel (Brown University)
5:10 pm Discussion
5:30 pm Closing: James P. Allen (Brown University)
Timeline of Christian missions | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:12 1 Apostolic Age
00:01:57 2 Early Christianity
00:05:57 3 Era of the seven Ecumenical Councils
00:16:04 4 Middle Ages
00:19:07 5 1000 to 1499
00:27:30 6 1500 to 1600
00:44:58 7 1600 to 1699
01:03:37 8 1700 to 1799
01:26:16 9 1800 to 1849
01:42:16 10 1850 to 1899
01:59:20 11 1900 to 1949
02:11:58 12 1950 to 1999
02:24:01 13 2000 to present
02:26:46 14 Footnotes
02:26:55 15 See also
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- Socrates
SUMMARY
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This timeline of Christian missions chronicles the global expansion of Christianity through a listing of the most significant missionary outreach events.
Auburn Coach Wife Kristi Malzahn Agrees with Match & eHarmony: Men are Jerks
My advice is this: Settle! That's right. Don't worry about passion or intense connection. Don't nix a guy based on his annoying habit of yelling Bravo! in movie theaters. Overlook his halitosis or abysmal sense of aesthetics. Because if you want to have the infrastructure in place to have a family, settling is the way to go. Based on my observations, in fact, settling will probably make you happier in the long run, since many of those who marry with great expectations become more disillusioned with each passing year. (It's hard to maintain that level of zing when the conversation morphs into discussions about who's changing the diapers or balancing the checkbook.)
Obviously, I wasn't always an advocate of settling. In fact, it took not settling to make me realize that settling is the better option, and even though settling is a rampant phenomenon, talking about it in a positive light makes people profoundly uncomfortable. Whenever I make the case for settling, people look at me with creased brows of disapproval or frowns of disappointment, the way a child might look at an older sibling who just informed her that Jerry's Kids aren't going to walk, even if you send them money. It's not only politically incorrect to get behind settling, it's downright un-American. Our culture tells us to keep our eyes on the prize (while our mothers, who know better, tell us not to be so picky), and the theme of holding out for true love (whatever that is—look at the divorce rate) permeates our collective mentality.
Even situation comedies, starting in the 1970s with The Mary Tyler Moore Show and going all the way to Friends, feature endearing single women in the dating trenches, and there's supposed to be something romantic and even heroic about their search for true love. Of course, the crucial difference is that, whereas the earlier series begins after Mary has been jilted by her fiancé, the more modern-day Friends opens as Rachel Green leaves her nice-guy orthodontist fiancé at the altar simply because she isn't feeling it. But either way, in episode after episode, as both women continue to be unlucky in love, settling starts to look pretty darn appealing. Mary is supposed to be contentedly independent and fulfilled by her newsroom family, but in fact her life seems lonely. Are we to assume that at the end of the series, Mary, by then in her late 30s, found her soul mate after the lights in the newsroom went out and her work family was disbanded? If her experience was anything like mine or that of my single friends, it's unlikely.
And while Rachel and her supposed soul mate, Ross, finally get together (for the umpteenth time) in the finale of Friends, do we feel confident that she'll be happier with Ross than she would have been had she settled down with Barry, the orthodontist, 10 years earlier? She and Ross have passion but have never had long-term stability, and the fireworks she experiences with him but not with Barry might actually turn out to be a liability, given how many times their relationship has already gone up in flames. It's equally questionable whether Sex and the City's Carrie Bradshaw, who cheated on her kindhearted and generous boyfriend, Aidan, only to end up with the more exciting but self-absorbed Mr. Big, will be better off in the framework of marriage and family. (Some time after the breakup, when Carrie ran into Aidan on the street, he was carrying his infant in a Baby Björn. Can anyone imagine Mr. Big walking around with a Björn?)