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●VP Pence Attend the New York City Veterans Day Parade
United States Presidents and The Illuminati Masonic Power Structure
United States Presidents and The Illuminati Masonic Power Structure
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Geographic Information Science (GIS) Day 2019
Join us as we celebrate GIS (Geographic Information Science) Day on Nov. 13 with an all-day series of talks on the use of GIS technology and 3D mapping in cultural heritage preservation and disaster response.
GIS Day — held during Geography Awareness Week (Nov. 12-18) — is an annual, global celebration of GIS and mapping technology, with events held by organizations around the world. Formally started in 1999, GIS Day aims to provide a forum to promote the benefits of GIS research, demonstrate real-world applications of GIS and foster open idea sharing and growth in the GIS community.
The Library’s morning session will open with a keynote address by Sen. John Boozman of Arkansas, co-chair of the Congressional French Caucus focusing on Cultural Heritage Preservation Mapping and Congressional Policy. The morning also will feature talks on the aftermath of the Notre Dame Cathedral fire and the use of GIS and computer vision in disaster response planning and cultural heritage preservation.
The afternoon session will concentrate on applications of the technology with case studies on historic building and engineering archives in cultural preservation, advanced spatial analysis and 3D mapping of UNESCO World Heritage sites
Schedule
Welcome and Introduction of Librarian
Paulette Hasier, Chief, Geography and Map Division
Opening Remarks
Carla Hayden, Librarian of Congress
Cultural Heritage Preservation, Mapping and Congressional Policy Sen. John Boozman of Arkansas
Notre Dame, Computer Vision and the Future of GIS in Cultural Heritage Preservation
John Hessler, Library of Congress & Topology Lab for Virtual Geographic Environments
Documenting Cultural Resources Through GIS
Diedre McCarthy and Catherine Lavoie, Historic American Buildings Survey,
National Park Service
Afternoon: 1-3:30 p.m.
Architectural Archives in Cultural Preservation
Mari Nakahara, Curator of Architecture, Prints and Photographs Division
The Evolution of Data Driven 3D GIS at the National Capital Planning Commission
Kenneth Walton, National Capital Planning Commission, Policy & Research Division
Lhasa VR - Documenting the Historic Tibetan Capital Through 3D GIS
Will Rourk and Guoping Huang, Scholars Lab, University of Virginia.
Questions and Closing Remarks
All Speakers
86th Annual Meeting: Opening Plenary Session
The United States Conference of Mayors
86th Annual Meeting
June 8-11, 2018
Boston
#USCM2018
Jocko Podcast 121 w/ Echo Charles - The Life Of Chesty Puller
Join the conversation on Twitter/Instagram:
@jockowillink @echocharles
0:00:00 - Opening
0:05:33 - Marine! The Life Of Chesty Puller, by Burke Davis.
2:50:56 - Closing Thoughts and Take-aways.
2:52:15 - Support: JockoStore stuff, Super Krill Oil and Joint Warfare and Discipline Pre-Mission, THE MUSTER 005 in DC. Origin Brand Apparel and Jocko Gi, with Jocko White Tea, Onnit Fitness stuff, and Psychological Warfare (on iTunes). Extreme Ownership (book), Way of The Warrior Kid 2: Marc's Mission, The Discipline Equals Freedom Field Manual, and Jocko Soap.
TBR Board meeting 12-11-14
TBR Board meeting
Hillary Clinton | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Hillary Clinton
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947) is an American politician and diplomat who served as the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, U.S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, and as the Democratic Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election.
Born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969 and earned a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1973. After serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families. She was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a task force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansas's public schools.
As First Lady of the United States, Clinton was an advocate for gender equality and healthcare reform. Her marital relationship came under public scrutiny during the Lewinsky scandal, which led her to issue a statement that reaffirmed her commitment to the marriage. In 2000, Clinton was elected as the first female Senator from New York. She was reelected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate but lost the Democratic nomination to Barack Obama. During her tenure as U.S. Secretary of State in the Obama Administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring by advocating military intervention in Libya. She helped to organize a diplomatic isolation and international sanctions regime against Iran in an effort to force curtailment of that country's nuclear program; this would eventually lead to the multinational Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action agreement in 2015. Upon leaving her Cabinet position after Obama's first term, she wrote her fifth book and undertook speaking engagements.
Clinton made a second presidential run in 2016. She received the most votes and primary delegates in the 2016 Democratic primaries and formally accepted her party's nomination for President of the United States on July 28, 2016 with vice presidential running mate Senator Tim Kaine. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party. She lost the presidential election to Republican opponent Donald Trump in the Electoral College, despite winning a plurality of the popular vote. She received more than 65 million votes, the 3rd-highest count in a U.S. presidential election, behind Obama's victories in 2008 and 2012. Following her loss, she wrote her third memoir, What Happened, and launched Onward Together, a political action organization dedicated to fundraising for progressive political groups.
Vision & Justice | Friday | Part II || Radcliffe Institute
FRIDAY, APRIL 26
The Friday afternoon session of “Vision & Justice: A Convening” featured conversations that ranged from the Obama-era initiative Turnaround Arts to the importance of narratives in the prison system. Joy Buolamwini also performed her spoken word piece “AI, Ain’t I a Woman?”—which preceded a further discussion on algorithmic bias. The two-day event considered the role of the arts in understanding the nexus of art, race, and justice.
AFTERNOON SESSION: Sanders Theatre
Sarah Lewis (0:01)
Hank Willis Thomas Interviewed by Cheryl Finley (1:51)
Turnaround Arts (White House Program)
Introduction: Kimberly Drew (35:28)
Damian Woetzel and Melody Barnes (39:28)
Thank You: Inaara Shiraz (1:11:55)
Performance
Introduction: Sarah Lewis (1:12:51)
Joy Buolamwini (1:14:52)
Race, Technology, and Algorithmic Bias
Joy Buolamwini, Latanya Sweeney, and Darren Walker (1:18:22)
Mass Incarceration and Visual Narratives
Introduction: Tommie Shelby (1:45:19)
Bryan Stevenson, Elizabeth Hinton, and Danielle Allen (1:51:22)
Concluding Remarks
Vincent Brown (2:47:45)
For detailed biographical information on the participants, visit
For information about the Radcliffe Institute and its many public programs, visit
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Country music | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:40 1 Origins
00:02:05 1.1 Role of East Tennessee
00:03:05 2 Generations
00:10:10 3 History
00:10:19 3.1 First generation (1920s)
00:13:18 3.2 Second generation (1930s–1940s)
00:14:48 3.2.1 Singing cowboys and Western swing
00:16:30 3.2.2 Changing instrumentation
00:18:13 3.2.3 Hillbilly boogie
00:19:34 3.2.4 Bluegrass, folk and gospel
00:20:55 3.2.5 Honky tonk
00:22:59 3.3 Third generation (1950s–1960s)
00:25:35 3.3.1 Rockabilly
00:28:12 3.3.2 The Nashville and countrypolitan sounds
00:30:25 3.3.3 Country-soul crossover
00:30:57 3.3.4 Bakersfield sound
00:32:25 3.4 Decline of Western music and the cowboy ballad
00:33:32 3.5 Fourth generation (1970s–1980s)
00:33:45 3.5.1 Outlaw country and Red Dirt
00:35:55 3.5.2 Country pop
00:41:33 3.5.3 Country rock
00:44:37 3.5.4 Neocountry
00:45:56 3.5.5 Truck driving country
00:46:55 3.5.6 Neotraditionalist movement
00:48:36 3.6 Fifth generation (1990s)
00:50:59 3.6.1 Success of female artists
00:54:36 3.6.2 Line dancing revival
00:55:34 3.6.3 Alt-country/Americana
01:00:35 3.7 Sixth generation (2000s–present)
01:02:07 3.7.1 Popular culture
01:12:23 3.7.2 Pop-Country
01:13:14 4 International
01:13:23 4.1 Canada
01:18:48 4.2 Australia
01:28:04 4.3 United Kingdom
01:33:18 4.4 Other international country music
01:34:49 4.4.1 Latin America
01:36:56 4.4.2 Asia
01:39:09 4.4.3 Europe
01:41:33 5 Performers and shows
01:41:44 5.1 US cable television
01:43:00 5.2 Canadian television
01:44:40 5.3 Australian cable television
01:44:59 5.4 UK digital television
01:45:25 5.5 Festivals
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8970407710894606
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Country music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues.
Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and dobros), and fiddles as well as harmonicas. Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history.According to Lindsey Starnes, the term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music; it came to encompass Western music, which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. In 2009 in the United States, country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the morning commute.The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres. The origins of country music are found in the folk music of working class Americans, who blended popular songs, Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes, traditional English ballads, cowboy songs, and the musical traditions of various groups of European immigrants.
Labor Studies Working Group Symposium: “Labor in a Changing Climate: Climate Change and Labor”
March 2, 2017. PARCC Conversations in Conflict Studies: The Tenth Decade Work, Labor, and Citizenship Project presents Labor in a Changing Climate: Climate Change, Labor and Global Citizenship.
Green Jobs? Pipeline struggles? Infrastructure? Recent events have revealed potential overlaps and tensions between climate and labor struggles. The ongoing battle over the Dakota Access Pipeline demonstrates the split within the labor movement on environmental questions; especially related to climate change. This event brings together experts and activists who seek to bridge these tensions between climate and labor activism. What would it mean to create a unified climate-labor movement? How can such a movement respond to the new leadership in the White House? What is the role of policy in creating solutions to climate change that also appeal to working class and other marginalized constituents? How can such a movement create forms of “global citizenship” to address the uneven historical responsibilities for and contemporary environmental impacts of climate change. This event will address these questions and many more.
Guest Panelists: Christian Parenti, Global Liberal Studies, New York University; Kate Aronoff, Writing Fellow, In These Times; Howie Hawkins, 2014 Green Party candidate for New York Governor, Member, Teamsters Local 317.
Hillary Clinton | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Hillary Clinton
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947) is an American politician and diplomat who served as the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, U.S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, and as the Democratic Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election.
Born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969 and earned a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1973. After serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families. She was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a task force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansas's public schools.
As First Lady of the United States, Clinton was an advocate for gender equality and healthcare reform. Her marital relationship came under public scrutiny during the Lewinsky scandal, which led her to issue a statement that reaffirmed her commitment to the marriage. In 2000, Clinton was elected as the first female Senator from New York. She was reelected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate but lost the Democratic nomination to Barack Obama. During her tenure as U.S. Secretary of State in the Obama Administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring by advocating military intervention in Libya. She helped to organize a diplomatic isolation and international sanctions regime against Iran in an effort to force curtailment of that country's nuclear program; this would eventually lead to the multinational Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action agreement in 2015. Upon leaving her Cabinet position after Obama's first term, she wrote her fifth book and undertook speaking engagements.
Clinton made a second presidential run in 2016. She received the most votes and primary delegates in the 2016 Democratic primaries and formally accepted her party's nomination for President of the United States on July 28, 2016 with vice presidential running mate Senator Tim Kaine. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party. She lost the presidential election to Republican opponent Donald Trump in the Electoral College, despite winning a plurality of the popular vote. She received more than 65 million votes, the 3rd-highest count in a U.S. presidential election, behind Obama's victories in 2008 and 2012. Following her loss, she wrote her third memoir, What Happened, and launched Onward Together, a political action organization dedicated to fundraising for progressive political groups.
Progressive Era | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Progressive Era
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Progressive Era is a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s. The main objectives of the Progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption.
The movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses. By taking down these corrupt representatives in office, a further means of direct democracy would be established. They also sought regulation of monopolies (trust busting) and corporations through antitrust laws, which were seen as a way to promote equal competition for the advantage of legitimate competitors.
Many progressives supported prohibition of alcoholic beverages, ostensibly to destroy the political power of local bosses based in saloons, but others out of a religious motivation. At the same time, women's suffrage was promoted to bring a purer female vote into the arena. A third theme was building an Efficiency Movement in every sector that could identify old ways that needed modernizing, and bring to bear scientific, medical and engineering solutions; a key part of the efficiency movement was scientific management, or Taylorism.
Many activists joined efforts to reform local government, public education, medicine, finance, insurance, industry, railroads, churches, and many other areas. Progressives transformed, professionalized and made scientific the social sciences, especially history, economics, and political science. In academic fields the day of the amateur author gave way to the research professor who published in the new scholarly journals and presses. The national political leaders included Republicans Theodore Roosevelt, Robert M. La Follette, Sr., and Charles Evans Hughes and Democrats William Jennings Bryan, Woodrow Wilson and Al Smith. Leaders of the movement also existed far from presidential politics: Jane Addams, Grace Abbott, Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Breckinridge were among the most influential non-governmental Progressive Era reformers.
Initially the movement operated chiefly at local levels; later, it expanded to state and national levels. Progressives drew support from the middle class, and supporters included many lawyers, teachers, physicians, ministers, and business people. Some Progressives strongly supported scientific methods as applied to economics, government, industry, finance, medicine, schooling, theology, education, and even the family. They closely followed advances underway at the time in Western Europe and adopted numerous policies, such as a major transformation of the banking system by creating the Federal Reserve System in 1913. Reformers felt that old-fashioned ways meant waste and inefficiency, and eagerly sought out the one best system.
Iraq War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Iraq War
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict. The U.S. became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition; the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion occurred as part of a declared war against international terrorism and its sponsors under the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush following the September 11 terrorist attacks.
The invasion began on 20 March 2003, with the U.S., joined by the United Kingdom and several coalition allies, launching a shock and awe bombing campaign. Iraqi forces were quickly overwhelmed as U.S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Ba'athist government; Saddam was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year and executed by a military court three years later. However, the power vacuum following Saddam's demise and the mismanagement of the occupation led to widespread sectarian violence between Shias and Sunnis, as well as a lengthy insurgency against U.S. and coalition forces. Many violent insurgent groups were supported by Iran and al-Qaeda in Iraq. The United States responded with a troop surge in 2007. The winding down of U.S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama. The U.S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011.The Bush administration based its rationale for the war principally on the assertion that Iraq, which had been viewed by the U.S. as a rogue state since the 1990-1991 Gulf War, possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and that the Iraqi government posed an immediate threat to the United States and its coalition allies. Select U.S. officials accused Saddam of harbouring and supporting al-Qaeda, while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship and bring democracy to the people of Iraq. After the invasion, no substantial evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs, while claims of Iraqi officials collaborating with al-Qaeda were proven false. The rationale and misrepresentation of U.S. prewar intelligence faced heavy criticism both domestically and internationally, with President Bush declining from his record-high approval ratings following 9/11 to become one of the most unpopular presidents in U.S. history. From 2009-2011, the UK conducted a broad inquiry into its decision to go to war chaired by Sir John Chilcot. The Chilcot Report, published in 2016, concluded military action may have been necessary but was not the last resort at the time and that the consequences of invasion were underestimated.In the aftermath of the invasion, Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005. Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006 and remained in office until 2014. The al-Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the country's Sunni minority and worsening sectarian tensions. In the summer of 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) launched a military offensive in Northern Iraq and declared a worldwide Islamic caliphate, eliciting another military response from the United States and its allies. The Iraq War caused over a hundred thousand civilian deaths and tens of thousands of military deaths (see estimates below). The majority of deaths occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007.
Progressive Era | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Progressive Era
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Progressive Era is a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s. The main objectives of the Progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption.
The movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses. By taking down these corrupt representatives in office, a further means of direct democracy would be established. They also sought regulation of monopolies (trust busting) and corporations through antitrust laws, which were seen as a way to promote equal competition for the advantage of legitimate competitors.
Many progressives supported prohibition of alcoholic beverages, ostensibly to destroy the political power of local bosses based in saloons, but others out of a religious motivation. At the same time, women's suffrage was promoted to bring a purer female vote into the arena. A third theme was building an Efficiency Movement in every sector that could identify old ways that needed modernizing, and bring to bear scientific, medical and engineering solutions; a key part of the efficiency movement was scientific management, or Taylorism.
Many activists joined efforts to reform local government, public education, medicine, finance, insurance, industry, railroads, churches, and many other areas. Progressives transformed, professionalized and made scientific the social sciences, especially history, economics, and political science. In academic fields the day of the amateur author gave way to the research professor who published in the new scholarly journals and presses. The national political leaders included Republicans Theodore Roosevelt, Robert M. La Follette, Sr., and Charles Evans Hughes and Democrats William Jennings Bryan, Woodrow Wilson and Al Smith. Leaders of the movement also existed far from presidential politics: Jane Addams, Grace Abbott, Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Breckinridge were among the most influential non-governmental Progressive Era reformers.
Initially the movement operated chiefly at local levels; later, it expanded to state and national levels. Progressives drew support from the middle class, and supporters included many lawyers, teachers, physicians, ministers, and business people. Some Progressives strongly supported scientific methods as applied to economics, government, industry, finance, medicine, schooling, theology, education, and even the family. They closely followed advances underway at the time in Western Europe and adopted numerous policies, such as a major transformation of the banking system by creating the Federal Reserve System in 1913. Reformers felt that old-fashioned ways meant waste and inefficiency, and eagerly sought out the one best system.