Vespasianus Aniti

Best Attractions and Places to See in Manavgat,Turkey

ManavgatTravel Guide. MUST WATCH. Top things you have to do in Manavgat. We have sorted Tourist Attractions in Manavgatfor You. Discover Manavgatas per the Traveler Resources given by our Travel Specialists. You will not miss any fun thing to do in Manavgat.

This Video has covered Best Attractions and Things to do in Manavgat.

Don't forget to Subscribe our channel to view more travel videos. Click on Bell ICON to get the notification of updates Immediately.

List of Best Things to do in Manavgat,Turkey
Koprulu Kanyon Milli Parki
Greek Amphitheater
Temple of Apollo
Side Antik Kenti
Monumental Fountain (Nymphaeum)
Oymapinar Dam
Side Museum
Vespasianus Aniti
Aspendos Bridge
Seleukia (Lybre)

Church History: Complete Documentary AD 33 to Present

History of the church from the Ascension of Jesus Christ to 2017.

Further Reading:

Philip Schaff's Church History:
History of the Primitive Church:
Eusebius' Church History:
Sozomen's Church History:
Socrates Scholasticus' Church History:
Primary sources:
Father Adrian Fortescue:
Bishop Hefele's History of the Councils:

Corrections:

1. Beirut is in Lebanon, not Syria.

2. At the time of the Roman Empire, Great Britain would have been known as Britannia rather than England. The name England was first used during the Middle Ages, referring to the tribe of Germanic Angles that settled the island after the fall of the Roman Empire.

3. Our Lady of Guadalupe is the only Marian apparition in the Americas to have been approved by the Holy See. Other Marian apparitions in the Americas have been approved by local ordinaries, including Our Lady of Good Success in Ecuador (1572), Our Lady of Good Help in Wisconsin (1859), Our Lady of Cuapa in Nicaragua (1980), in Venezuela (1984) and Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolas in Argentina (1980s).

4. At 2:06:35, the correct spelling is Hugh O'Flaherty, not O'Flattery

Ludwig Wittgenstein: The 20th Century's Greatest Philosopher

Check my other channel Geographics:


→ Subscribe for new videos four times per week.


TopTenz Properties
Our companion website for more:
Our sister channel TopTenz:
Our Newest Channel about Interesting Places:

Credits:
Host - Simon Whistler
Author - D Kelly
Producer - Jennifer Da Silva
Executive Producer - Shell Harris

Business inquiries to biographics.email@gmail.com

Other Biographics Videos:

Tiberius: The Reluctant Emperor


Robert Hanssen: The FBI Mole who Spied for the KGB

The Sixtieth A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts: Twelve Caesars: Images of Power from Ancient Ro

The Sixtieth A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts: Twelve Caesars: Images of Power from Ancient Rome to Salvador Dalí, Part 2: Heroes and Villains: In Miniatures, Marble, and Movies

Sephardi Jews | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Sephardi Jews

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Sephardi Jews, also known as Sephardic Jews or Sephardim (Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּים‬, Modern Hebrew: Sefaraddim, Tiberian: Səp̄āraddîm; also יְהוּדֵי סְפָרַד‬ Ye'hude Sepharad, lit. The Jews of Spain), originally from Sepharad, Spain or the Iberian peninsula, are a Jewish ethnic division. They established communities throughout areas of modern Spain and Portugal, where they traditionally resided, evolving what would become their distinctive characteristics and diasporic identity, which they took with them in their exile from Iberia beginning in the late 15th century to North Africa, Anatolia, the Levant, Southeastern and Southern Europe, as well as the Americas, and all other places of their exiled settlement, either alongside pre-existing co-religionists, or alone as the first Jews in new frontiers. Their millennial residence as an open and organised Jewish community in Iberia began to decline with the Reconquista and was brought to an end starting with the Alhambra Decree by Spain's Catholic Monarchs in 1492, and then by the edict of expulsion of Jews and Muslims by Portuguese king Manuel I in 1496, which resulted in a combination of internal and external migrations, mass conversions and executions.
More broadly, the term Sephardim has today also come sometimes to refer to traditionally Eastern Jewish communities of West Asia and beyond who, although not having genealogical roots in the Jewish communities of Iberia, have adopted a Sephardic style of liturgy and Sephardic law and customs imparted to them by the Iberian Jewish exiles over the course of the last few centuries. This article deals with Sephardim within the narrower ethnic definition.
Historically, the vernacular languages of Sephardim and their descendants have been variants of either Spanish or Portuguese, though other tongues had been adopted and adapted throughout their history. The historical forms of Spanish or Portuguese that differing Sephardic communities spoke communally was determined by the date of their departure from Iberia, and their condition of departure as Jews or New Christians.
Judaeo-Spanish, sometimes called Ladino Oriental (Eastern Ladino), was a Romance language derived from Old Spanish, incorporating elements from all the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew and Aramaic, and was spoken by what became the Eastern Sephardim, who settled in the Eastern Mediterranean, taken with them in the 15th century after the expulsion from Spain in 1492. This dialect was further influenced by Ottoman Turkish, Levantine Arabic, Greek, Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian vocabulary in the differing lands of their exile. Haketia (also known as Tetouani in Algeria), an Arabic-influenced Judaeo-Spanish variety also derived from Old Spanish, with numerous Hebrew and Aramaic terms was spoken by North African Sephardim, taken with them in the 15th century after the expulsion from Spain in 1492. The main feature of this dialect is the heavy influence of the Jebli Arabic dialect of northern Morocco. Early Modern Spanish and Early Modern Portuguese, including in a mixture of the two was traditionally spoken or used liturgically by the ex-converso Western Sephardim, taken with them during their later migration out of Iberia between the 16th and 18th centuries as conversos, after which they reverted to Judaism. Modern Spanish and Modern Portuguese varieties, traditionally spoken by the Sephardic Bnei Anusim of Iberia and Ibero-America, including some recent returnees to Judaism in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. In this latter case, these varieties have incorporated loanwords from the indigenous languages of the Americas introduced following the Spanish conquest.

Documentary 2015 - Colosseum Ancient History

List of slaves | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
List of slaves


00:00:26 1 A
00:08:00 2 B
00:11:53 3 C
00:16:41 4 D
00:19:41 5 E
00:24:22 6 F
00:25:49 7 G
00:28:57 8 H
00:31:33 9 I
00:33:14 10 J
00:42:19 11 K
00:43:42 12 L
00:47:16 13 M
00:55:40 14 N
00:57:32 15 O
00:58:59 16 P
01:03:58 17 Q
01:04:33 18 R
01:07:44 19 S
01:13:20 20 T
01:16:29 21 U
01:16:50 22 V
01:18:53 23 W
01:21:12 24 X
01:21:25 25 Y
01:22:32 26 Z
01:23:45 27 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Slavery is a social-economic system under which persons are enslaved: deprived of personal freedom and forced to perform labor or services without compensation. These people are referred to as slaves.
The following is a list of historical people who were enslaved at some point during their lives, in alphabetical order by first name. Several names have been added under the letter representing the person's last name.

History of the Jews in Iraq | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Jews in Iraq

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.


You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.



SUMMARY
=======
The history of the Jews in Iraq (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים‬, Babylonian Jews, Yehudim Bavlim, Arabic: اليهود العراقيون‎ al-Yahūd al-ʿIrāqiyyūn), is documented from the time of the Babylonian captivity c. 586 BC. Iraqi Jews constitute one of the world's oldest and most historically significant Jewish communities.
The Jewish community of Babylon included Ezra the scribe, whose return to Judea in the late 6th century BC is associated with significant changes in Jewish ritual observance and the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem. The Talmud was compiled in Babylonia, identified with modern Iraq.From the Babylonian period to the rise of the Islamic caliphate, the Jewish community of Babylon thrived as the center of Jewish learning. The Mongol invasion and Islamic discrimination in the Middle Ages led to its decline. Under the Ottoman Empire, the Jews of Iraq fared better. The community established modern schools in the second half of the 19th century. Driven by persecution, which saw many of the leading Jewish families of Baghdad flee for the Indian subcontinent, and expanding trade with British colonies the Jews of Iraq established a trading diaspora in Asia known as the Baghdadi Jews.In the 20th century, Iraqi Jews played an important role in the early days of Iraq's independence. Between 1950–52, 120,000–130,000 of the Iraqi Jewish community (around 75%) reached Israel in Operation Ezra and Nehemiah.The religious and cultural traditions of Iraqi Jews are still kept alive today in by strong communities now established in the State of Israel, especially in Or Yehuda, Givyatayim and Kiryat Gat. As of 2014 more than 229,900 Israelis were of Iraqi Jewish descent. Smaller communities upholding Iraqi Jewish traditions in the Jewish Diaspora exist in Britain, Australia, Singapore, Canada and the United States.

Jewish diaspora | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Jewish diaspora

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tfutza, תְּפוּצָה) or exile (Hebrew: Galut, גָּלוּת; Yiddish: Golus) refers to the dispersion of Israelites or Jews out of their ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe.In terms of the Hebrew Bible, the term Exile denotes the fate of the Israelites who were taken into exile from the Kingdom of Israel during the 8th century BCE, and the Judahites from the Kingdom of Judah who were taken into exile during the 6th century BCE. While in exile, the Judahites became known as Jews (יְהוּדִים, or Yehudim), Mordecai the Jew from the Book of Esther being the first biblical mention of the term.
The first exile was the Assyrian exile, the expulsion from the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) begun by Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria in 733 BCE. This process was completed by Sargon II with the destruction of the kingdom in 722 BCE, concluding a three-year siege of Samaria begun by Shalmaneser V. The next experience of exile was the Babylonian captivity, in which portions of the population of the Kingdom of Judah were deported in 597 BCE and again in 586 BCE by the Neo-Babylonian Empire under the rule of Nebuchadnezzar II.
A Jewish diaspora existed for several centuries before the fall of the Second Temple, and their dwelling in other countries for the most part was not a result of compulsory dislocation. Before the middle of the first century CE, in addition to Judea, Syria and Babylonia, large Jewish communities existed in the Roman provinces of Egypt, Cyrene and Crete and in Rome itself; after the Siege of Jerusalem in 63 BCE, when the Hasmonean kingdom became a protectorate of Rome, emigration intensified. In 6 CE the region was organized as the Roman province of Judea. The Judean population revolted against the Roman Empire in 66 CE in the First Jewish–Roman War which culminated in the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE. During the siege, the Romans destroyed the Second Temple and most of Jerusalem. This watershed moment, the elimination of the symbolic centre of Judaism and Jewish identity constrained many Jews to reformulate a new self-definition and adjust their existence to the prospect of an indefinite period of displacement. In 132 CE, Bar Kokhba led a rebellion against Hadrian, a revolt connected with the renaming of Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina. After four years of devastating warfare, the uprising was suppressed, and Jews were forbidden access to Jerusalem.
During the Middle Ages, due to increasing migration and resettlement, Jews divided into distinct regional groups which today are generally addressed according to two primary geographical groupings: the Ashkenazi of Northern and Eastern Europe, and the Sephardic Jews of Iberia (Spain and Portugal), North Africa and the Middle East. These groups have parallel histories sharing many cultural similarities as well as a series of massacres, persecutions and expulsions, such as the expulsion from Spain in 1492, the expulsion from England in 1290, and the expulsion from Arab countries in 1948–1973. Although the two branches comprise many unique ethno-cultural practices and have links to their local host populations (such as Central Europeans for the Ashkenazim and Hispanics and Arabs for the Sephardim), their shared religion and ancestry, as well as their continuous communication and population transfers, has been responsible for a unified sense of cultural and religious Jewish identity between Sephardim and Ashkenazim from the late Roman period to the present.

Modern history of Georgia | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Modern history of Georgia


00:02:04 1 Prehistoric period
00:05:31 2 Antiquity
00:05:40 2.1 Early Georgian kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia
00:10:17 2.2 The Roman–Iranian rivalry and the Roman conquest of Colchis
00:14:17 2.3 Adoption of Christianity as state religion
00:18:13 3 Medieval Georgia
00:18:22 3.1 Unification of the Georgian state
00:20:56 3.2 Between Seljuqs and Byzantines
00:23:30 3.2.1 Great Seljuk invasion
00:24:55 3.3 King David IV the Builder and Georgian Reconquista
00:28:23 3.4 Queen Tamar the Great and the Golden Age (1184–1213)
00:30:44 3.5 Mongol invasion and decline of the Georgian Kingdom
00:32:56 4 Early modern period
00:33:06 4.1 Ottoman and Iranian domination
00:38:13 4.2 The 18th and 19th century: from a mainly Iranian-centred theatre to Russian annexation
00:45:32 5 Modern history
00:45:41 5.1 Russian Empire
00:47:22 5.1.1 Growth of the national movement
00:50:13 5.2 Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)
00:51:04 5.2.1 Georgian-Armenian War (1918)
00:52:28 5.2.2 Red Army invasion (1921)
00:53:02 5.3 Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1990)
00:57:48 5.4 Independent Georgia
00:57:56 5.4.1 Gamsakhurdia presidency (1991–1992)
01:00:08 5.4.2 Shevardnadze presidency (1992–2003)
01:04:26 5.4.3 Saakashvili presidency (2004–2013)
01:11:42 5.4.4 Margvelashvili presidency (2013–present)
01:14:05 6 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The nation of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველო sakartvelo) was first unified as a kingdom under the Bagrationi dynasty by the King Bagrat III of Georgia in the 8th to 9th century, arising from a number of predecessor states of the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia. The Kingdom of Georgia flourished during the 10th to 12th centuries under King David IV the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great, and fell to the Mongol invasion by 1243, and after a brief reunion under George V the Brilliant to the Timurid Empire. By 1490, Georgia was fragmented into a number of petty kingdoms and principalities, which throughout the Early Modern period struggled to maintain their autonomy against Ottoman and Iranian (Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar) domination until Georgia was finally annexed by the Russian Empire in the 19th century. After a brief bid for independence with the Democratic Republic of Georgia of 1918–1921, Georgia was part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic from 1922 to 1936, and then formed the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
The current republic of Georgia has been independent since 1991. The first president Zviad Gamsakhurdia stoked Georgian nationalism and vowed to assert Tbilisi's authority over Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Gamsakhurdia was deposed in a bloody coup d'état within the same year and the country became embroiled in a bitter civil war, which lasted until 1995. Supported by Russia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia achieved de facto independence from Georgia. The Rose Revolution forced Eduard Shevardnadze to resign in 2003. The new government under Mikheil Saakashvili prevented the secession of a third breakaway republic in the Adjara crisis of 2004, but the conflict with Abkhazia and South Ossetia led to the 2008 Russo–Georgian War and tensions with Russia remain unresolved.
The history of Georgia is inextricably linked with the history of the Georgian people.

Magic in the Greco-Roman world | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:00:50 1 Terminology
00:01:58 2 General
00:07:43 3 History
00:07:53 3.1 Magic in Homeric times
00:10:16 3.2 Magic in Classical Greece
00:10:50 3.2.1 Orpheus
00:12:14 3.2.2 Pythagoras
00:13:38 3.2.3 Empedocles
00:15:33 3.3 Magic in the Hellenistic period
00:22:03 4 High and low magic
00:24:23 5 Personages of the Roman Empire
00:30:14 6 Jewish tradition
00:32:45 7 Authors of the Roman Empire
00:40:44 8 Summary
00:42:35 9 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

Other Wikipedia audio articles at:

Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:

Speaking Rate: 0.8137002317327996
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The study of magic in the Greco-Roman world is a branch of the disciplines of classics, ancient history and religious studies. In classical antiquity, including the Hellenistic world of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, historians and archaeologists view the public and private rituals associated with religion as part of everyday life. Examples of this phenomenon are found in the various state and cult temples, Jewish synagogues, and churches. These were important hubs for ancient peoples, representing a connection between the heavenly realms (the divine) and the earthly planes (the dwelling place of humanity). This context of magic has become an academic study, especially in the last twenty years.

History of Georgia (country) since 1991 | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Georgia (country) since 1991


00:02:04 1 Prehistoric period
00:05:31 2 Antiquity
00:05:40 2.1 Early Georgian kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia
00:10:17 2.2 The Roman–Iranian rivalry and the Roman conquest of Colchis
00:14:17 2.3 Adoption of Christianity as state religion
00:18:13 3 Medieval Georgia
00:18:22 3.1 Unification of the Georgian state
00:20:56 3.2 Between Seljuqs and Byzantines
00:23:30 3.2.1 Great Seljuk invasion
00:24:55 3.3 King David IV the Builder and Georgian Reconquista
00:28:23 3.4 Queen Tamar the Great and the Golden Age (1184–1213)
00:30:44 3.5 Mongol invasion and decline of the Georgian Kingdom
00:32:56 4 Early modern period
00:33:06 4.1 Ottoman and Iranian domination
00:38:13 4.2 The 18th and 19th century: from a mainly Iranian-centred theatre to Russian annexation
00:45:32 5 Modern history
00:45:41 5.1 Russian Empire
00:47:22 5.1.1 Growth of the national movement
00:50:13 5.2 Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)
00:51:04 5.2.1 Georgian-Armenian War (1918)
00:52:28 5.2.2 Red Army invasion (1921)
00:53:02 5.3 Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1990)
00:57:48 5.4 Independent Georgia
00:57:56 5.4.1 Gamsakhurdia presidency (1991–1992)
01:00:08 5.4.2 Shevardnadze presidency (1992–2003)
01:04:26 5.4.3 Saakashvili presidency (2004–2013)
01:11:42 5.4.4 Margvelashvili presidency (2013–present)
01:14:05 6 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The nation of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველო sakartvelo) was first unified as a kingdom under the Bagrationi dynasty by the King Bagrat III of Georgia in the 8th to 9th century, arising from a number of predecessor states of the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia. The Kingdom of Georgia flourished during the 10th to 12th centuries under King David IV the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great, and fell to the Mongol invasion by 1243, and after a brief reunion under George V the Brilliant to the Timurid Empire. By 1490, Georgia was fragmented into a number of petty kingdoms and principalities, which throughout the Early Modern period struggled to maintain their autonomy against Ottoman and Iranian (Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar) domination until Georgia was finally annexed by the Russian Empire in the 19th century. After a brief bid for independence with the Democratic Republic of Georgia of 1918–1921, Georgia was part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic from 1922 to 1936, and then formed the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
The current republic of Georgia has been independent since 1991. The first president Zviad Gamsakhurdia stoked Georgian nationalism and vowed to assert Tbilisi's authority over Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Gamsakhurdia was deposed in a bloody coup d'état within the same year and the country became embroiled in a bitter civil war, which lasted until 1995. Supported by Russia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia achieved de facto independence from Georgia. The Rose Revolution forced Eduard Shevardnadze to resign in 2003. The new government under Mikheil Saakashvili prevented the secession of a third breakaway republic in the Adjara crisis of 2004, but the conflict with Abkhazia and South Ossetia led to the 2008 Russo–Georgian War and tensions with Russia remain unresolved.
The history of Georgia is inextricably linked with the history of the Georgian people.

congolese civil war

This video is about congolese civil war by devin and krista

John C. Breckinridge | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
John C. Breckinridge


00:03:50 1 Early life
00:06:39 2 Early legal career
00:09:04 3 Mexican–American War
00:11:47 4 Political career
00:11:56 4.1 Early political career
00:13:19 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives
00:17:00 4.3 U.S. Representative
00:17:05 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853)
00:21:03 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855)
00:24:34 4.3.3 Retirement from the House
00:26:24 4.4 Vice Presidency
00:32:55 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860
00:39:24 4.6 U.S. Senator
00:44:15 5 Civil War
00:44:24 5.1 Service in the Western Theater
00:52:41 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater
00:58:10 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War
01:02:31 6 Escape and exile
01:07:53 7 Return to the U.S. and death
01:12:13 8 Legacy
01:12:22 8.1 Historical reputation
01:13:18 8.2 Monuments and memorials
01:15:05 9 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American lawyer, politician, and soldier. He represented Kentucky in both houses of Congress and became the 14th and youngest-ever Vice President of the United States, serving from 1857 to 1861. He was a member of the Democratic party. He served in the U.S. Senate during the outbreak of the American Civil War, but was expelled after joining the Confederate Army. He was appointed Confederate Secretary of War in 1865.
Breckinridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky to a prominent local family. After non-combat service during the Mexican–American War, he was elected as a Democrat to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849, where he took a states' rights position against interference with slavery. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1850, he allied with Stephen A. Douglas in support of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. After reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. He was nominated for vice-president at the 1856 Democratic National Convention to balance a ticket headed by James Buchanan. The Democrats won the election, but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan and, as presiding officer of the Senate, could not express his opinions in debates. In 1859, he was elected to succeed Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittenden's term in 1861. As vice president, Breckinridge joined Buchanan in supporting the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party.
After Southern Democrats walked out of the 1860 Democratic National Convention, the party's northern and southern factions held rival conventions in Baltimore that nominated Douglas and Breckinridge, respectively, for president. A third party, the Constitutional Union Party, nominated John Bell. These three men split the Southern vote, while more anti-slavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won all but three electoral votes in the North, allowing him to win the election. Breckinridge carried most of the Southern states. Taking his seat in the Senate, Breckinridge urged compromise to preserve the Union. Unionists were in control of the state legislature, and gained more support when Confederate forces moved into Kentucky.
Breckinridge fled behind Confederate lines. He was commissioned a brigadier general and then expelled from the Senate. Following the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, he was promoted to major general, and in October he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under Braxton Bragg. After Bragg charged that Breckinridge's drunkenness had contributed to defeats at Stone River and Missionary Ridge, and after Breckinridge joined many other high-ranking officers in criticizing Bragg, he was transferred to the Trans-Allegheny Department, where he won his most significant victory in the 1864 Battle of New Market. After participating in Jubal Early's campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley, Breckinridge was charged with defending supplies in Tennessee and Virginia. In February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War. Concludi ...

Augustus | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:03:05 1 Name
00:05:05 2 Early life
00:07:58 3 Rise to power
00:08:07 3.1 Heir to Caesar
00:10:54 3.2 Growing tensions
00:12:03 3.3 First conflict with Antony
00:14:34 3.4 Second Triumvirate
00:14:42 3.4.1 Proscriptions
00:16:43 3.4.2 Battle of Philippi and division of territory
00:18:51 3.4.3 Rebellion and marriage alliances
00:22:05 3.4.4 War with Pompeius
00:24:59 3.4.5 War with Antony and Cleopatra
00:28:52 4 Sole ruler of Rome
00:30:00 4.1 First settlement
00:33:24 4.2 Change to Augustus
00:35:16 4.3 Second settlement
00:37:56 4.4 Primary reasons for the Second settlement
00:41:03 4.5 Additional powers
00:44:27 4.6 Conspiracy
00:47:22 4.7 Stability and staying power
00:48:40 5 War and expansion
00:53:45 6 Death and succession
01:00:36 7 Legacy
01:11:14 7.1 Revenue reforms
01:13:32 7.2 Month of August
01:14:23 7.3 Building projects
01:17:07 8 Physical appearance and official images



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

Other Wikipedia audio articles at:

Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:

Speaking Rate: 0.9164861588991159
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Augustus (Latin: Imperator Caesar Divi filius Augustus; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) was a Roman statesman and military leader who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire, reigning from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. His status as the founder of the Roman Principate has consolidated an enduring legacy as one of the most effective and controversial leaders in human history. The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana. The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries, despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors over the imperial succession.
Augustus was born Gaius Octavius Thurinus into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian gens Octavia. His maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, and Octavius was named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir. Along with Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus, he formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar. Following their victory at the Battle of Philippi, the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as military dictators. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members. Lepidus was driven into exile and stripped of his position, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian in 31 BC.
After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Augustus restored the outward façade of the free Republic, with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate, the executive magistrates, and the legislative assemblies. In reality, however, he retained his autocratic power over the Republic as a military dictator. By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by the Senate, including supreme military command, and those of tribune and censor. It took several years for Augustus to develop the framework within which a formally republican state could be led under his sole rule. He rejected monarchical titles, and instead called himself Princeps Civitatis (First Citizen of the State). The resulting constitutional framework became known as the Principate, the first phase of the Roman Empire.
Augustus dramatically enlarged the Empire, annexing Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia, expanding possessions in Africa, and completing the conquest of Hispania, but suffered a major setback in Germania. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the Empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system, established a standing army, established the Praetorian Guard, created official police and fi ...

History of Georgia (country) | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Georgia (country)


00:02:04 1 Prehistoric period
00:05:31 2 Antiquity
00:05:40 2.1 Early Georgian kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia
00:10:17 2.2 The Roman–Iranian rivalry and the Roman conquest of Colchis
00:14:17 2.3 Adoption of Christianity as state religion
00:18:13 3 Medieval Georgia
00:18:22 3.1 Unification of the Georgian state
00:20:56 3.2 Between Seljuqs and Byzantines
00:23:30 3.2.1 Great Seljuk invasion
00:24:55 3.3 King David IV the Builder and Georgian Reconquista
00:28:23 3.4 Queen Tamar the Great and the Golden Age (1184–1213)
00:30:44 3.5 Mongol invasion and decline of the Georgian Kingdom
00:32:56 4 Early modern period
00:33:06 4.1 Ottoman and Iranian domination
00:38:13 4.2 The 18th and 19th century: from a mainly Iranian-centred theatre to Russian annexation
00:45:32 5 Modern history
00:45:41 5.1 Russian Empire
00:47:22 5.1.1 Growth of the national movement
00:50:13 5.2 Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)
00:51:04 5.2.1 Georgian-Armenian War (1918)
00:52:28 5.2.2 Red Army invasion (1921)
00:53:02 5.3 Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1990)
00:57:48 5.4 Independent Georgia
00:57:56 5.4.1 Gamsakhurdia presidency (1991–1992)
01:00:08 5.4.2 Shevardnadze presidency (1992–2003)
01:04:26 5.4.3 Saakashvili presidency (2004–2013)
01:11:42 5.4.4 Margvelashvili presidency (2013–present)
01:14:05 6 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The nation of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველო sakartvelo) was first unified as a kingdom under the Bagrationi dynasty by the King Bagrat III of Georgia in the 8th to 9th century, arising from a number of predecessor states of the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia. The Kingdom of Georgia flourished during the 10th to 12th centuries under King David IV the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great, and fell to the Mongol invasion by 1243, and after a brief reunion under George V the Brilliant to the Timurid Empire. By 1490, Georgia was fragmented into a number of petty kingdoms and principalities, which throughout the Early Modern period struggled to maintain their autonomy against Ottoman and Iranian (Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar) domination until Georgia was finally annexed by the Russian Empire in the 19th century. After a brief bid for independence with the Democratic Republic of Georgia of 1918–1921, Georgia was part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic from 1922 to 1936, and then formed the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
The current republic of Georgia has been independent since 1991. The first president Zviad Gamsakhurdia stoked Georgian nationalism and vowed to assert Tbilisi's authority over Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Gamsakhurdia was deposed in a bloody coup d'état within the same year and the country became embroiled in a bitter civil war, which lasted until 1995. Supported by Russia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia achieved de facto independence from Georgia. The Rose Revolution forced Eduard Shevardnadze to resign in 2003. The new government under Mikheil Saakashvili prevented the secession of a third breakaway republic in the Adjara crisis of 2004, but the conflict with Abkhazia and South Ossetia led to the 2008 Russo–Georgian War and tensions with Russia remain unresolved.
The history of Georgia is inextricably linked with the history of the Georgian people.

Augustus | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Augustus

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Augustus (Latin: Imperator Caesar Divi filius Augustus; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) was a Roman statesman and military leader who was the first Emperor of the Roman Empire, controlling Imperial Rome from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. His status as the founder of the Roman Principate has consolidated an enduring legacy as one of the most effective and controversial leaders in human history.He was born Gaius Octavius Thurinus into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian gens Octavia. His maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, and Octavius was named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir. Along with Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus, he formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar. Following their victory at the Battle of Philippi, the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as military dictators. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members. Lepidus was driven into exile and stripped of his position, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian in 31 BC.
After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Augustus restored the outward façade of the free Republic, with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate, the executive magistrates, and the legislative assemblies. In reality, however, he retained his autocratic power over the Republic as a military dictator. By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by the Senate, including supreme military command, and those of tribune and censor. It took several years for Augustus to develop the framework within which a formally republican state could be led under his sole rule. He rejected monarchical titles, and instead called himself Princeps Civitatis (First Citizen of the State). The resulting constitutional framework became known as the Principate, the first phase of the Roman Empire.
The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana. The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries, despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors over the imperial succession. Augustus dramatically enlarged the Empire, annexing Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia, expanding possessions in Africa, and completing the conquest of Hispania, but suffered a major setback in Germania. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the Empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system, established a standing army, established the Praetorian Guard, created official police and fire-fighting services for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus died in AD 14 at the age of 75, probably from natural causes. However, there were unconfirmed rumors that his wife Livia poisoned him. He was succeeded as emperor by his adopted son (also stepson and former son-in-law) Tiberius.

Medieval Georgia | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Medieval Georgia


00:02:04 1 Prehistoric period
00:05:31 2 Antiquity
00:05:40 2.1 Early Georgian kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia
00:10:17 2.2 The Roman–Iranian rivalry and the Roman conquest of Colchis
00:14:17 2.3 Adoption of Christianity as state religion
00:18:13 3 Medieval Georgia
00:18:22 3.1 Unification of the Georgian state
00:20:56 3.2 Between Seljuqs and Byzantines
00:23:30 3.2.1 Great Seljuk invasion
00:24:55 3.3 King David IV the Builder and Georgian Reconquista
00:28:23 3.4 Queen Tamar the Great and the Golden Age (1184–1213)
00:30:44 3.5 Mongol invasion and decline of the Georgian Kingdom
00:32:56 4 Early modern period
00:33:06 4.1 Ottoman and Iranian domination
00:38:13 4.2 The 18th and 19th century: from a mainly Iranian-centred theatre to Russian annexation
00:45:32 5 Modern history
00:45:41 5.1 Russian Empire
00:47:22 5.1.1 Growth of the national movement
00:50:13 5.2 Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)
00:51:04 5.2.1 Georgian-Armenian War (1918)
00:52:28 5.2.2 Red Army invasion (1921)
00:53:02 5.3 Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1990)
00:57:48 5.4 Independent Georgia
00:57:56 5.4.1 Gamsakhurdia presidency (1991–1992)
01:00:08 5.4.2 Shevardnadze presidency (1992–2003)
01:04:26 5.4.3 Saakashvili presidency (2004–2013)
01:11:42 5.4.4 Margvelashvili presidency (2013–present)
01:14:05 6 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The nation of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველო sakartvelo) was first unified as a kingdom under the Bagrationi dynasty by the King Bagrat III of Georgia in the 8th to 9th century, arising from a number of predecessor states of the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia. The Kingdom of Georgia flourished during the 10th to 12th centuries under King David IV the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great, and fell to the Mongol invasion by 1243, and after a brief reunion under George V the Brilliant to the Timurid Empire. By 1490, Georgia was fragmented into a number of petty kingdoms and principalities, which throughout the Early Modern period struggled to maintain their autonomy against Ottoman and Iranian (Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar) domination until Georgia was finally annexed by the Russian Empire in the 19th century. After a brief bid for independence with the Democratic Republic of Georgia of 1918–1921, Georgia was part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic from 1922 to 1936, and then formed the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
The current republic of Georgia has been independent since 1991. The first president Zviad Gamsakhurdia stoked Georgian nationalism and vowed to assert Tbilisi's authority over Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Gamsakhurdia was deposed in a bloody coup d'état within the same year and the country became embroiled in a bitter civil war, which lasted until 1995. Supported by Russia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia achieved de facto independence from Georgia. The Rose Revolution forced Eduard Shevardnadze to resign in 2003. The new government under Mikheil Saakashvili prevented the secession of a third breakaway republic in the Adjara crisis of 2004, but the conflict with Abkhazia and South Ossetia led to the 2008 Russo–Georgian War and tensions with Russia remain unresolved.
The history of Georgia is inextricably linked with the history of the Georgian people.

History of the Jews in Spain | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Jews in Spain

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.


You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.



SUMMARY
=======
Spanish Jews once constituted one of the largest and most prosperous Jewish communities in the world. Spain was the unquestioned leader of world Jewry: scientific and philological study of the Hebrew Bible began, Hebrew was used for the first time for secular poetry, and for the only time between Biblical times and the origins of the modern state of Israel, a Jew (Samuel ha-Nagid) commanded a Jewish army. This period ended definitively with the anti-Jewish riots of 1391 and Alhambra Decree of 1492, as a result of which the majority of Jews in Spain (between 200,000 and 250,000) converted to Catholicism and those remaining (between 40,000 and 100,000) were forced into exile.
An estimated 13,000 to 50,000 Jews live in Spain today, concentrated in the provinces of Malaga, Madrid and Barcelona as well as having a historic presence in the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla. A significant portion of these are Spanish-speaking Jews who returned to Spain after centuries of exile in northern Morocco during and after the Spanish protectorate. Ashkenazi Jews, primarily from Latin America but also of European origin are also present in Spain.

Ancient history of Georgia | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Ancient history of Georgia


00:02:04 1 Prehistoric period
00:05:31 2 Antiquity
00:05:40 2.1 Early Georgian kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia
00:10:17 2.2 The Roman–Iranian rivalry and the Roman conquest of Colchis
00:14:17 2.3 Adoption of Christianity as state religion
00:18:13 3 Medieval Georgia
00:18:22 3.1 Unification of the Georgian state
00:20:56 3.2 Between Seljuqs and Byzantines
00:23:30 3.2.1 Great Seljuk invasion
00:24:55 3.3 King David IV the Builder and Georgian Reconquista
00:28:23 3.4 Queen Tamar the Great and the Golden Age (1184–1213)
00:30:44 3.5 Mongol invasion and decline of the Georgian Kingdom
00:32:56 4 Early modern period
00:33:06 4.1 Ottoman and Iranian domination
00:38:13 4.2 The 18th and 19th century: from a mainly Iranian-centred theatre to Russian annexation
00:45:32 5 Modern history
00:45:41 5.1 Russian Empire
00:47:22 5.1.1 Growth of the national movement
00:50:13 5.2 Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)
00:51:04 5.2.1 Georgian-Armenian War (1918)
00:52:28 5.2.2 Red Army invasion (1921)
00:53:02 5.3 Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1990)
00:57:48 5.4 Independent Georgia
00:57:56 5.4.1 Gamsakhurdia presidency (1991–1992)
01:00:08 5.4.2 Shevardnadze presidency (1992–2003)
01:04:26 5.4.3 Saakashvili presidency (2004–2013)
01:11:42 5.4.4 Margvelashvili presidency (2013–present)
01:14:05 6 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The nation of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველო sakartvelo) was first unified as a kingdom under the Bagrationi dynasty by the King Bagrat III of Georgia in the 8th to 9th century, arising from a number of predecessor states of the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia. The Kingdom of Georgia flourished during the 10th to 12th centuries under King David IV the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great, and fell to the Mongol invasion by 1243, and after a brief reunion under George V the Brilliant to the Timurid Empire. By 1490, Georgia was fragmented into a number of petty kingdoms and principalities, which throughout the Early Modern period struggled to maintain their autonomy against Ottoman and Iranian (Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar) domination until Georgia was finally annexed by the Russian Empire in the 19th century. After a brief bid for independence with the Democratic Republic of Georgia of 1918–1921, Georgia was part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic from 1922 to 1936, and then formed the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
The current republic of Georgia has been independent since 1991. The first president Zviad Gamsakhurdia stoked Georgian nationalism and vowed to assert Tbilisi's authority over Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Gamsakhurdia was deposed in a bloody coup d'état within the same year and the country became embroiled in a bitter civil war, which lasted until 1995. Supported by Russia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia achieved de facto independence from Georgia. The Rose Revolution forced Eduard Shevardnadze to resign in 2003. The new government under Mikheil Saakashvili prevented the secession of a third breakaway republic in the Adjara crisis of 2004, but the conflict with Abkhazia and South Ossetia led to the 2008 Russo–Georgian War and tensions with Russia remain unresolved.
The history of Georgia is inextricably linked with the history of the Georgian people.