Russia: 'Road of Courage' parade displays military hardware in Moscow
The first parade of Russian and Belarussian armoured vehicles, dubbed the 'Road of Courage' kicked off in Victory Park, in Moscow, Saturday.
The event was organised by the pan-Russian Military-Technical society. According to the organisers, the goal of the event is to strengthen the historical and cultural ties between two brother counties.
The chairman of the Military-Technical Society Alexei Migalin stated that his organisation's goal was to instil love for the motherland and for technology as well as to understand it from inside and how it is arranged.
About 15 military units, including armoured reconnaissance patrol vehicles BRDM-2 and BRDM-1, armoured transporter BTR-40 and BTR-152, as well as other military trucks and vehicles, were exhibited in Victory Park and later departed to the route of the Great Patriotic War to Belarus. The vehicles are supposed to travel from Moscow to Brest and back with stops in 10 Russian and Belarussian cities, as Odinstovo, Mozhaisk, Smolensk, Orsha, Minsk, Bereza, and others. The total length of the route is about 2,300km (1,429mi).
Throughout the ceremony, a priest consecrated the military equipment with holy water to salute the memory of the Great Patriotic War heroes. The organisers of the event laid a floral wreath next to the monument of the eternal flame, paying tribute to the war heroes.
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Russia: Future police officers parade on Red Square
Video ID: 20140712-024
C/U Police officers marching
W/S Police officers marching
M/S Police officers coming
M/S Policewomen marching on Red Square
W/S Parade
W/S Ceremony begins
M/S Russian Interior Minister Vladimir Kolokoltsev at diploma awards
W/S Trooping the flag, Kremlin on the right side
C/U Policewoman
M/S Policewoman reporting to minister
M/S Policewoman reporting to minister
M/S Minister shaking hand
C/U Policewoman reporting: I serve for the Russian Federation
W/S Russian national anthem played
M/S Police choir singing
C/U Policewomen singing
W/S Police officers leaving Red Square
M/S Police officers marching
W/S Policewomen marching
SCRIPT
Over 1,000 future police men and women were awarded their diploma papers on Moscow's Red Square, Saturday.
A total of 1,206 graduates from the Interior Ministry's Moscow University took part in the ceremony. Twenty-one people received a gold medal for excellence in their studies; 130 graduates received diploma cum laude.
Awarding the graduates and addressing them was the Interior Minister of Russia Colonel General Vladimir Kolokoltsev. He also handed over the new banner to the university.
This is the third time the ceremony has taken place on Red Square. The university was founded in 2002 combining three educational facilities of the Interior Ministry: the Moscow Academy, the Moscow Institute and the Juridical Institute.
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French invasion of Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
French invasion of Russia
00:04:08 1 Causes
00:06:43 2 Logistics
00:08:48 2.1 Organization
00:09:33 2.2 Ammunition
00:10:27 2.3 Provisions
00:11:44 2.4 Combat service and support and medicine
00:12:19 2.5 Transportation
00:13:26 2.6 Deficiencies
00:16:39 3 Opposing forces
00:16:48 3.1 Grande Armée
00:19:25 3.2 Russian Imperial Army
00:22:15 4 Invasion
00:22:23 4.1 Crossing the Niemen
00:23:48 4.2 March on Vilnius
00:31:12 4.3 March on Moscow
00:32:36 5 The Battle of Borodino
00:34:50 5.1 Retreat and rebuilding
00:35:58 6 Capture of Moscow
00:39:06 7 Retreat and losses
00:44:13 8 Weather as a factor
00:48:21 9 Historical assessment
00:48:31 9.1 Alternative names
00:49:50 9.2 Historiography
00:56:29 9.3 Aftermath
00:59:40 9.4 Historical echoes
00:59:48 9.4.1 Swedish invasion
01:01:25 9.4.2 German invasion
01:03:41 9.5 Cultural impact
01:04:16 10 See also
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- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The French invasion of Russia, known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 (Russian: Отечественная война 1812 года, translit. Otečestvennaja Vojna 1812 goda) and in France as the Russian Campaign (French: Campagne de Russie), began on 24 June 1812 when Napoleon's Grande Armée crossed the Neman River in an attempt to engage and defeat the Russian army. Napoleon hoped to compel Tsar Alexander I of Russia to cease trading with British merchants through proxies in an effort to pressure the United Kingdom to sue for peace. The official political aim of the campaign was to liberate Poland from the threat of Russia. Napoleon named the campaign the Second Polish War to gain favor with the Poles and provide a political pretext for his actions.At the start of the invasion, the Grande Armée numbered 680,000 soldiers (including 300,000 soldiers from France). It was the largest army ever known to have been assembled in the history of warfare up to that point. Through a series of long marches Napoleon pushed the army rapidly through Western Russia in an attempt to engage and destroy the Russian army, winning a number of minor engagements and a major battle at Smolensk in August. Napoleon hoped the battle would win the war for him, but the Russian army slipped away and continued the retreat, leaving Smolensk to burn. As the Russian army fell back, scorched-earth tactics were employed, resulting in villages, towns and crops being destroyed and forcing the French to rely on a supply system that was incapable of feeding their large army in the field. On 7 September, the French caught up with the Russian army which had dug itself in on hillsides before a small town called Borodino, seventy miles west of Moscow. The battle that followed was the bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars, with 72,000 casualties, and a narrow French victory. The Russian army withdrew the following day, leaving the French again without the decisive victory Napoleon sought. A week later, Napoleon entered Moscow, which the Russians had abandoned and burned.The loss of Moscow did not compel Alexander I to enter into negotiations, and Napoleon stayed on in Moscow for a month, waiting for a peace offer that never came. On 19 October, Napoleon and his army left Moscow and marched southwest toward Kaluga, where Field Marshall Mikhail Kutuzov was encamped with the Russian army. After an inconclusive battle at Maloyaroslavets, Napoleon began to retreat back to the Polish border. In the following weeks, the Grande Armée suffered from the onset of the Russian Winter. Lack of food and fodder for the horses, hypothermia from the bitter cold and persistent attacks upon isolated troops from Russian peasants and Cossacks led to great losses in men, and a breakdown of discipline and cohesion in the army. More fighting at Vyazma and Krasnoi resulted in further losses for the French. When the remnants of Napoleon's main army crossed the Berezina River in late November, only 27,000 soldiers remained; the Grande Armée had lost some 380,000 men dead ...
Battle of Borodino
The Battle of Borodino (Russian: Бородинское сражение, Borodinskoe srazhenie; French: Bataille de la Moskova), fought on September 7, 1812, was the largest and bloodiest single-day action of the French invasion of Russia and the Napoleonic Wars, involving more than 250,000 troops and resulting in at least 70,000 casualties. The French Grande Armée under Emperor Napoleon I attacked the Imperial Russian Army of General Mikhail Kutuzov near the village of Borodino, west of the town of Mozhaysk, and eventually captured the main positions on the battlefield, but failed to destroy the Russian army despite inflicting, as well as suffering, heavy losses. About a third of Napoleon's soldiers were killed or wounded. Russian losses were heavy, but casualties could be replaced since large forces of militia were already with the Russian Army and replacement depots, which were close by, had already been gathering and training troops.
The battle itself ended with the Russian Army out of position. The state of exhaustion of the French forces and lack of information on the Russian Army's condition led Napoleon to remain on the battlefield with his army instead of the forced pursuit that had marked other campaigns that he had conducted in the past. Napoleon's Imperial Guard was completely intact and available to his disposition. In refusing to commit the Guard he lost his one chance to destroy the Russian army. The battle at Borodino was a pivotal point in the campaign, as it was the last offensive action fought by Napoleon in Russia. By withdrawing, the Russian army preserved its combat strength, eventually leaving Napoleon no option other than retreat.
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