TOLYATTI Top 39 Tourist Places | Tolyatti Tourism | RUSSIA
Tolyatti (Things to do - Places to Visit) - TOLYATTI Top Tourist Places
City in Russia
Tolyatti, also known as Togliatti, is a city in western Russia. By the Volga River, the Tatishchev equestrian monument honors the city’s founder. Nearby, Transfiguration Cathedral has striking golden domes. Togliatti Local History Museum exhibits archaeological finds and antique costumes.
Togliatti Art Museum exhibits Soviet art. The open-air K.G. Sakharov Technical History Museum has old trains and tanks.
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TOLYATTI Top 39 Tourist Places - Tolyatti (Толья́тти), Russia
Forest-steppe transitions and peopling of the landscapes of the Mid-Volga region
In the forest-steppe zone of European Russia, the first millennium AD was a time of major changes in the populations, agricultural technologies, social structure, and settlement patterns. A heart of the forest-steppe zone, the Mid-Volga region underwent a transition from a non-populated, mainly forested landscape of first centuries AD, to a highly deforested agricultural landscape of the Volga Bulgarian state by the 11th century AD. Within several centuries, the landscape was transformed by shifting cultivation, wood and ore extraction, the formation of pastures and road networks. These transformations coincided with the major climatic changes, accelerating the effect of Medieval Warm Period (MWP) on soils and ecosystems. A combination of archaeological, stratigraphic, palynological, phytolith, and pedoanthracological analyses allowed us to reconstruct the following stadial landscapes and land use patterns: 1) the initial colonization of floodplains in the 2nd-4th cent. AD; 2) colonization of river terraces in the forested landscape, dominated by linden forests, by agriculturalists of the Imen’kovo culture; 3) an increase in the proportion of birch, pine and spruce in the forest, and a drastic reduction in the proportion of late-successional species after several cycles of slash-and-burn cultivation; 4) abandonment of the area for two centuries in the 7th cent AD; re-growth of abandoned swiddens and pastures by an early-successional forest; 5) at the beginning of the MWP, an anomalous wind activity caused mass tree uprooting, fuel build-up and fires, promoting the formation of a post-pyrogenic pine-spruce forest; 6) re-colonization of the landscape by a sedentary population of the Volga Bulgarian state, clearing the forest for large settlements and permanent fields, establishment of large-scale road networks and vast pastures. Increased temperatures caused melanization of organic remains in cultivated fields and pastures and the formation of Chernozemic soils in the treeless areas already within the first centuries following the land clearance.
Author: Ponomarenko, Elena - Kazan' Federal University, Russia; University of Ottawa, Canada (Presenting author)
Co-Author: Vyazov, Leonid - Kazan' Federal University, Russia; Institute of Archaeology of Tatarstan; Ershova, Ekaterina - Department of Biology, Moscow Lomonossov University,
Russia; Blinnikov, Mikhail - School of Global Studies, St. Cloud University, USA; Kochkina, Anna - Samara Museum of Regional Studies named after P.V. Alabin, Russia; Stashenkov,
Dmitri - Samara Museum of Regional Studies named after P.V. Alabin, Russia; Prof. Sitdikov, Ayrat - Kazan’ Federal University, Tatarstan, Russia
Samara Region Alabin Museum of History and Local Lore
Самарский областной историко-краеведческий музей им.П.В.Алабина.
142, Leninskaya Street, Samara
Tel. +7 (846) 333-64-23
e-mail: pr@alabin.ru
Samara Region Alabin Museum of History and Local Lore is one of the oldest in the Volga region. The Museum, that now occupies 4 buildings, has already become one of the main cultural centers in Samara. It is used not only for the most interesting exhibitions of different areas of focus, but also it is the place where conferences, festivals, holidays and mass events are held. Today the museums collection is represented by 200 thousand of exhibits, including items from ancient cloths to rare stuffed animals. This collection involves visitors into interesting world of history, from Samara foundation till the events of 1918. The museum is also famous for its vast archeological and mineral collections. The most precious paleontological section has been recently introduced. Museum’s numismatic and arms collections with items from different countries are in the public eye.
Timeline of World History 5500 to 5100 BC part 2
This time we talk about the Samara culture, the Ertebölle culture and the Beixin culture. This means Russia, Denmark and China.
Another episode written by Shane Sowersby and narrated by Dan the Fan of History.
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Yamnaya culture | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Yamnaya culture
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The Yamnaya culture (Russian: Ямная культура, translit. Yamnaya kultura, lit. 'pit culture'), also known as Yamna culture (Ukrainian: Ямна культура, translit. Yamna kultura) or Pit Grave culture, sometimes rendered in English as Ochre Grave culture, was a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BC. Its name refers to its characteristic burial tradition: kurgans containing a simple pit chamber.
The people of the Yamnaya culture were the likely result of admixture between Ancient North Eurasians (via whom they also descend from the Mal'ta–Buret' culture or other, closely related people such as Siberians and Native Americans) and Near Eastern people related to Early Neolithic Farmers, with some research identifying the latter as hunter-gatherers from the Caucasus or a similar people also related to Chalcolithic people from what is now Iran. Their material culture is very similar to the Afanasevo culture.
They are also closely connected to later, Final Neolithic cultures which spread throughout Europe and Central Asia, especially the Corded Ware people, but also the Bell Beaker culture as well as the peoples of the Sintashta, Andronovo, and Srubna cultures. In this group, several aspects of the Yamnaya culture (e.g., horse-riding, burial styles, and to some extent the pastoralist economy) are present. Genetic studies have also indicated that these populations derived large parts of their ancestry from the steppes.The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans, and is the strongest candidate for the urheimat (homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European language.
R-M269, one of the most prolific paternal lineages across western Eurasia. R-M269 arose roughly 10,000 years ago, as the people of the Fertile Crescent domesticated plants and animals for the first time. Around 8,000 years ago, the first farmers and herders began to push east into Central Asia and north into the Caucasus Mountains. Some of them eventually reached the steppes above the Black and Caspian Seas. There, they lived as pastoral nomads, herding cattle and sheep across the grasslands, while their neighbors to the south developed yet another crucial technology in human history: bronze smelting. As bronze tools and weaponry spread north, a new steppe culture called the Yamnaya was born.
Around 5,000 years ago, perhaps triggered by a cold spell that made it difficult to feed their herds, Yamnaya men spilled east across Siberia and down into Central Asia. To the west, they pushed down into the Balkans and to central Europe, where they sought new pastures for their herds and metal deposits to support burgeoning Bronze Age commerce. Over time, their descendants spread from central Europe to the Atlantic coast, establishing new trade routes and an unprecedented level of cultural contact and exchange in western Europe.
The men from the steppes also outcompeted the local men as they went; their success is demonstrated in the overwhelming dominance of the R-M269 lineage in Europe. Over 80% of men in Ireland and Wales carry the haplogroup, as do over 60% of men along the Atlantic Coast from Spain to France. The frequency of R-M269 gradually decreases to the east, falling to about 30% in Germany, 20% in Poland, and 10-15% in Greece and Turkey. The haplogroup connects all these men to still others in the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia, where between 5 and 10% of men also bear the lineage.
Cucuteni–Trypillia culture | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture (Romanian: Cultura Cucuteni and Ukrainian: Трипільська культура), also known as the Tripolye culture (Russian: Трипольская культура), is a Neolithic–Eneolithic archaeological culture (c. 5200 to 3500 BC) of Eastern Europe.
It extended from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper regions, centred on modern-day Moldova and covering substantial parts of western Ukraine and northeastern Romania, encompassing an area of 350,000 km2 (140,000 sq mi), with a diameter of 500 km (300 mi; roughly from Kyiv in the northeast to Brașov in the southwest).The majority of Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements consisted of high-density, small settlements (spaced 3 to 4 kilometres apart), concentrated mainly in the Siret, Prut and Dniester river valleys.
During the Middle Trypillia phase (c. 4000 to 3500 BC), populations belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture built the largest settlements in Neolithic Europe, some of which contained as many as 3,000 structures and were possibly inhabited by 20,000 to 46,000 people.One of the most notable aspects of this culture was the periodic destruction of settlements, with each single-habitation site having a lifetime of roughly 60 to 80 years. The purpose of burning these settlements is a subject of debate among scholars; some of the settlements were reconstructed several times on top of earlier habitational levels, preserving the shape and the orientation of the older buildings. One particular location; the Poduri site in Romania, revealed thirteen habitation levels that were constructed on top of each other over many years.
The Horse, the Wheel and Language | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
The Horse, the Wheel and Language
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World is a 2007 book by David W. Anthony, in which the author describes his revised Kurgan theory. He explores the origins and spread of the Indo-European languages from the Pontic-Caspian steppes throughout Western Europe, and Central and South Asia. He shows how the domesticated horse and the invention of the wheel mobilized the steppe herding societies in the Eurasian Steppe, and combined with the introduction of bronze technology and new social structures of patron-client relationships gave an advantage to the Indo-European societies. The book won the Society for American Archaeology's 2010 Book Award.
Domestication of the horse | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Domestication of the horse
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A number of hypotheses exist on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. Although horses appeared in Paleolithic cave art as early as 30,000 BCE, these were wild horses and were probably hunted for meat.
How and when horses became domesticated is disputed. The clearest evidence of early use of the horse as a means of transport is from chariot burials dated c. 2000 BCE. However, an increasing amount of evidence supports the hypothesis that horses were domesticated in the Eurasian Steppes approximately 3500 BCE; recent discoveries in the context of the Botai culture suggest that Botai settlements in the Akmola Province of Kazakhstan are the location of the earliest domestication of the horse.Use of horses spread across Eurasia for transportation, agricultural work and warfare.
Genghis Khan | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Genghis Khan
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Genghis Khan (born Temüjin, c. 1162 – August 18, 1227) was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Empire and being proclaimed Genghis Khan, he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia. Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, and Khwarazmian, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarazmian and Western Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.
Before Genghis Khan died he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor. Later his grandsons split his empire into khanates. Genghis Khan died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. By his request, his body was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states in all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and substantial portions of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories.Beyond his military accomplishments, Genghis Khan also advanced the Mongol Empire in other ways. He decreed the adoption of the Uyghur script as the Mongol Empire's writing system. He also practiced meritocracy and encouraged religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire, and unified the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. Present-day Mongolians regard him as the founding father of Mongolia.Genghis Khan was known for the brutality of his campaigns, and is considered by many to have been a genocidal ruler. However, he is also credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment. This brought relatively easy communication and trade between Northeast Asia, Muslim Southwest Asia, and Christian Europe, expanding the cultural horizons of all three areas.
Kurgan | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kurgan
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A kurgan (Russian: курга́н) is a tumulus, a type of burial mound or barrow, heaped over a burial chamber, often of wood. The Russian noun, which is already attested in Old East Slavic, is borrowed from an unidentified Turkic language, compare Modern Turkish kurğan, which means fortress. They are mounds of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Associated with its use in Soviet archaeology, the word is now widely used for tumuli in the context of Eastern European and Central Asian archaeology.
The earliest kurgans date to the 4th millennium BC in the Caucasus, and are associated with the Indo-Europeans. Kurgans were built in the Eneolithic, Bronze, Iron, Antiquity and Middle Ages, with ancient traditions still active in Southern Siberia and Central Asia. Kurgan cultures are divided archeologically into different sub-cultures, such as Timber Grave, Pit Grave, Scythian, Sarmatian, Hunnish and Kuman-Kipchak.
Many placenames contain the word kurgan.