Zoliborz Part 3 / Warsaw Citadel
Warsaw Citadel (Polish: Cytadela Warszawska) is a 19th-century fortress in Warsaw, Poland. It was built by order of Tsar Nicholas I after the suppression of the 1830 November Uprising in order to bolster imperial Russian control of the city. It served as a prison into the late 1930s, especially the dreaded Tenth Pavilion of the Warsaw Citadel (X Pawilon Cytadeli Warszawskiej); the latter has been a museum since 1963.
The Citadel was built by personal order of Tsar Nicholas I after the 1830 November Uprising. Its chief architect, Major General Johan Jakob von Daehn (Ivan Dehn), used the plan of the citadel in Antwerp as the basis for his own plan (the same that was demolished by the French later that year). The cornerstone was laid by Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich, de facto viceroy of Congress Poland.
The fortress is a pentagon-shaped brick structure with high outer walls, enclosing an area of 36 hectares. Its construction required the demolition of 76 residential buildings and the forcible resettlement of 15,000 inhabitants.
Work on it commenced May 31, 1832, on the site of a demolished monastery and of the estate of Fawory. Officially it ended May 4, 1834, to mark the 18th birthday of Russian Crown Prince Alexander, for whom it was named. In reality, however, the fortress was not completed until 1874. The cost of construction came to 11 million rubles (roughly 8.5 tonnes of pure gold or 128 million euro at today's' prices), a colossal sum by 19th-century standards, and was borne entirely by the city of Warsaw and the Bank of Poland, as yet another punishment for the failed uprising.
In peacetime, some 5,000 Russian troops were stationed there. During the 1863 January Uprising, the garrison was reinforced to over 16,000. By 1863 the fortress housed 555 artillery pieces of various calibers, and could cover most of the city center with artillery fire.
About the fortress, 104 prison casemates were built, providing cells for 2,940, mostly political, prisoners. Most notably, is included the Tenth Pavilion. The list of Poles imprisoned and/or executed there up through World War I includes many notable patriots and revolutionaries: Apollo Korzeniowski, writer, political activist and father of Joseph Conrad; Romuald Traugutt, leader of the 1863 January Uprising; Jarosław Dąbrowski, later military chief of the 1871 Paris Commune; Feliks Dzierżyński, a leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and founder of the Cheka secret police; the Marxist theoretician and revolutionary, Rosa Luxemburg; the future Marshal of Poland, Józef Piłsudski; Piłsudski's political archrival, Roman Dmowski; and Eligiusz Niewiadomski, assassin of Poland's first president, Gabriel Narutowicz. The Citadel's Tenth Pavilion has, since 1963, served as a museum.
Well before the turn of the 20th century, it was apparent that such traditional fortifications had been made obsolete by modern rifled artillery. The Tsarist authorities had planned in 1913 to raze the fortress, but the process had not begun before the outbreak of World War I. In 1915 Warsaw was occupied by German forces with little opposition from the Russian garrison, which abandoned the fortress and withdrew east. The Germans blew up several of its structures, but the main part of the Citadel remained intact and German forces performed a mass execution of 42 people in 1916.[1]
After Poland regained her independence in 1918, the Citadel was taken over by the Polish Army. It was used as a garrison, infantry training center, and depot for materiel. During the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, Citadel's German garrison prevented linking between the city center and the northern Żoliborz district. The fortress survived the war and in 1945 became again Polish Army property.
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Museum of Pavilion X in the Warsaw Citadel
The Citadel is an impressive 19th century fortress, and one of the best-preserved buildings of defensive architecture in Poland. In addition to the barracks, the Citadel site housed the central investigative prison for political prisoners (in the X Pavilion), such as Romuald Traugutt and Józef Piłsudski. The Warsaw Citadel is one of the most important 'martyr museums' in Poland. The exhibitions illustrate the history of the Polish struggle for national liberation and social changes in the era of partition by presenting profiles of people who had been incarcerated there, events and organizations in which they were active participants; the timeline ranges from the plots for independence in the 1830's to the country's independence gained in 1918.
Museum of Pavilion X in the Warsaw Citadel 2
Museum of Independence - Xth Pavilion of the Citadel Warsaw
The Museum of the Tenth Pavilion of the Citadel of Warsaw it is one of the most important places of Polish martyrdom presenting the fate of the prisoners staying here during the Russian partition.
The permanent exhibition created by New Amsterdam uses the play of lights and shadows to bring out moving narration from this location, and the original austerity of the interiors preserved. The moving story is complemented by original animations as well as multimedia presentations and interactive kiosks.
The combination of historical exhibits, human fate and modern technologies makes the visit to the Museum of the Tenth Pavilion of the Warsaw Citadel a memorable experience.
Citadel A Thing To See In Warsaw Poland
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The Citadel is just North of the Warsaw Old Town and New Town. It was built on the instructions of the Russians as punishment for the Polish people rising up against them in 1830.
It helped the Germans suppress the Warsaw Uprising in 1944.
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2019 10 14 POLAND DAILY DAY 295 TRAVEL S2 E295
Geological museum Warsaw, Poland
Muzeum Geologiczne Warszawa
Jedyne muzeum geologiczne w Polsce, w pełni zbadające strukturę geologiczną Polski. Wystawa obejmuje różne okazy skał, minerałów, skamieniałości - wszystkie ułożone w wystawach tematycznych - a także szkielety wymarłych zwierząt epoki lodowej, takich jak mamut, wielki nosorożec (z Śląska) i niedźwiedź kudłat. Pokazano także zrekonstruowany polski dwunożny dinozaur (dylefosaur), a także utwory polskiego dinozaura i jaskini.
The only geological museum in Poland which fully explores the geological structure of Poland. The exhibition includes various specimens of rocks, minerals, fossils – all arranged in thematic exhibitions – as well as skeletons of extinct Ice Age animals such as the mammoth, a great rhinoceros (from Silesia), and the shaggy bear. Also shown is a reconstructed Polish two-legged dinosaur (the Dilophosaurus) as well as tracks made by a Polish dinosaur and a cave.
Radiolocation station, Polish Army Museum, Warsaw, Poland
Barbórka annual rally at the Citadel in Warsaw, POLAND 01/12/2012
A round at Warsaw's Citadel during annual Barbórka rally on 1 Dec. 2012, Poland.
Follow us in Warsaw - Gnojna Góra (The Dung Mound)
Seria dziesięciu filmów o warszawskich ciekawostkach. Aleksandra i Małgorzata to młode przewodniczki z ogromną wiedzą o mieście. Odwiedź stronę internetową Follow us in Warsaw i dowiedz się więcej.
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Zdjęcia i montaż: Jakub Przybylski (
Wszystkie filmy Follow us in Warsaw:
1. Łazienki Królewskie (Lazienki Park) -
2. Pałac Kultury i Nauki (Palace of Culture and Science) -
3. Plac Piłsudskiego (The Piłsudski Square) -
4. Gnojna Góra (The Dung Mound) -
5. Pierwsze ruchome schody (The first escalators) -
6. Plac Konstytucji (The Constitution Square) -
7. Plac przed metrem centrum (The Square at the Central Metro Station) -
8. Kameralna -
9. Bary PRLu (The Bars of the Communist Times) -
10. Kawiarnia Honoratka (Honoratka Cafe) -
Sakuramai Poland at Museum Night in Warsaw on May 17th, 2014
POLAND DAILY CULTURE - PRL MUSEUM
Poland Daily Culture visiting the PRL Museum in Warsaw
Mobile Prison Cell Kibitka in Warsaw's Citadel
Walking Around Citadel Of Dinant & Museum
JANUARY UPRISING 1863 - General Romuald TRAUGUTT 's EXECUTION. – Poland In
You don't want to miss our video about the January Uprising 1863 and the Warsaw Citadel - a fortress where imprisoned General Romuald Traugott was executed, becoming the tragic symbol of the Uprising.
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POLAND DAILY 16 February 2019 Season 1 Episode 62
News from Poland and more:
Culture: Paulina Otterstein met with Andrzej Szumowski who is a President of the Polish Vodka Foundation and Karolina Zieleń who is a tour guide in Polish Vodka Museum.
History: Benjamin Lee explores the history of the Warsaw Citadel and January Uprising.
Travel: William Richardson and Artur Górniewski talk about the Polish and Warsaw history while walking through Royal Route (Krakowskie Przedmieście) in Warsaw.
2011 Euro Travel #03 - Poland #03 - Warszawa #03 - Cytadela
Warsaw Uprising Started At 1330 North Of The City Centrum In Zoliborz
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