Hamilton Hatter Part 2 - Books Are The Holy Road
more at
With generous, community-minded support from American Public University System. (The sentiments in this production do not in any way reflect modern-day policies of APUS). More at
Researched, Written, Produced, Narrated - Jim Surkamp
Musicians
My Heart is in the Mountains from Lantern in a Poet's Garden, Poem by Daniel Bedinger Lucas (public domain) Music by Terry Tucker, c (the copyright symbol) 2010, GHF Music, (terrytucker.net)
Cam Millar - Tumble Blue 2, Waterdogs 1 (cammillar.com)
Shana Aisenberg - twelve-string guitar, banjo copyright Shana Aisenberg. (shanasongs.com)
Sound FX:
children playing, hand bell, crickets - from “free sfx.uk.com”
References:
Burke, Dawne R. (2006). “An American Phoenix: A History of Storer College from Slavery to Desegregation,” Pittsburgh, PA: Geyer Printing House.
Crayon, Porte. (Strother, David H.) “Our Negro Schools” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, New York, NY: Harper and Bros. Volume 49 Issue 292 (September, 1874).
“Sarah Jane Foster: Teacher of the Freedman, The Diary and Letters of a Maine Woman in the South After the Civil War,” Picton Press: Rockport, ME., 2001, Wayne E. Reilly editor.
Stealey, John E. “The Freedmen’s Bureau in West Virginia.” West Virginia History 39 (Jan/April 1978): 99-142.
Taylor, James L. “A History of Black Education in Jefferson County, West Virginia, 1866-1966.”
Trowbridge, John T. (1866). “The South: a tour of its battlefields and ruined cities, a journey through the desolated states, and talks with the people: being a description of the present state of the country – its agriculture – railroads – business and finances.” Hartford, Conn., L. Stebbins.
Image Credits:
Harvesters at Rest by Harry Roseland
From National Park Service, Harpers Ferry:
Faculty member - Storer College
Storer College seal
Bates College seal - Bates College
Hamilton Hatter (later years) - Bluefield
Brown, Howell S. “Map of Jefferson County, Virginia From Actual Surveys With Farm Limits, 1852.”
A Freedman’s Bureau agent - Harper's Weekly, July 25, 1868, p. 473.
From King, Edward. (1875). “The Great South; A Record of Journeys in Louisiana, Texas, the Indian Territory, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland:” Illustrated by Champney, James Wells. Hartford, Conn. American Publishing Co. Print.
p. 695 - pump
By David Hunter Strother - West Virginia University
contraband 1862
boy on horseback
From Strother, David Hunter “Our Negro Schools,” (September 1874), “Harper’s New Monthly Magazine.”
p. 457 - silhouettes of children playing
p. 458 - boy reading book
p. 459 - boy not at school
p. 460 - older student
p. 461 - young teach the old
p. 461 - woman at blackboard
p. 467 - boys huddled on the ground
By Winslow Homer:
Sunday Morning In Virginia, 1877 - Cincinnati Art Museum
Blackboard, 1877 - National Gallery of Art
Uncle Ned at Home, 1875
Charlestown Looking to Route 340
Thomas Biscoe - West Virginia & Regional Collection
By Henry Ossawa Tanner:
The Banjo Lesson, 1893
The Thankful Poor, 1894
By Eastman Johnson:
Musical Instrument, 1860
Dinah, The Negress, (1866-1869)
Negro Boy, 1860
Good Morning From Harpers Ferry by Edward L Henry
Image of Achilles Dixon home (p. 10).
From Taylor, James L. “A History of Black Education in Jefferson County, West Virginia, 1866-1966.”
Logan Osburn - courtesy Don Amoroso
Boy running to school detail from drawing of Colyer’s School North Carolina
Cover - Ray’s Primary Arithmetic 1857 edition
Group photograph of African-American school children, 1895, location unknown.
Freedman’s School - Illustration of Freedman in school from Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 1883.
Woman Reading by Candlelight - 1908 by Peter Ilsted
The Misses Cooke's school room, Freedman's Bureau, Richmond, Va. - Waud, Alfred R. (Alfred Rudolph), Harper's weekly, 1868 July 25, p. 473.
Harpers Ferry 1872 by Granville Perkins
Silas Curtis - findagrave.com
Godey’s Fashions for September 1862
“C for Christ” page from”The Tract Primer” published by the American Tract Society, 1841
H. R. 613 - Bill amending the Freedmen”s Bureau enactment - National Archives
Pile of bricks - 2005, Author: Tasja - wikimedia.org
Wheeling, West Virginia Independence Hall - wikipedia.org
Detail from Wheeling Custom House - Harper's Weekly, July 6, 1861.
Sarah Jane Foster - Courtesy of Carolyn Reilly
From Library of Congress:
Freedmen’s Bureau Teacher's Monthly Report, Little Rock, Arkansas, March 24, 1865
Hon. Arthur Ingrham Boreman
Contraband camp
Glimpses at the Freedmen - The Freedmen's Union Industrial School, Richmond, Va.
Text of the Emancipation Proclamation from L. N. Rosenthal, The Proclamation of Emancipation, Lithograph, 1865.
[Travel] Philadelphia / Pennsylvania / The United States of America
A glimpse of the City of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania’s largest city, is notable for its rich history, on display at the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall (where the Declaration of Independence and Constitution were signed) and other American Revolutionary sites. Also iconic are the steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, immortalized by Sylvester Stallone’s triumphant run in the film Rocky.
Filmed on 12th April, 2016
Google Maps:
Filming equipment:
- Sony ILCE5000LW A5000 Mirrorless 20.MP Camera (with 16-50mm Lens)
Soundtrack : Rob Simonsen - A walk in the Trees (The Spectacular Now OST)
List 8 Tourist Attractions in Wheeling, West Virginia | Travel to United States
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Abraham Lincoln VisitsFox25 Morning News
AbrahamLincoln - in theperson of actor Fritz Klein - stops by the Fox 25 Oklahoma City Morning Newss to chat with brnt Weber. Klein's portrayal of Honest Abe is part of the OKC National Memorial Museum's exhibit.
History Comes Alive (2010)
Highlights of five special events to help tourists and visitors picture historical events. This promotional video appears on the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency Web site. Videography and post-production by Jo Warfield.
History of the Southern United States
The history of the Southern United States reaches back hundreds of years and includes the Mississippian people, well known for their mound building. European history in the region began in the very earliest days of the exploration and colonization of North America. Spain, France, and England eventually explored and claimed parts of what is now the Southern United States, and the cultural influences of each can still be seen in the region today. In the centuries since, the history of the Southern United States has recorded a large number of important events, including the American Revolution, the American Civil War, the ending of slavery, and the American Civil Rights Movement.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
Appalachia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Appalachia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Appalachia () is a cultural region in the Eastern United States that stretches from the Southern Tier of New York to northern Alabama and Georgia. While the Appalachian Mountains stretch from Belle Isle in Canada to Cheaha Mountain in Alabama, the cultural region of Appalachia typically refers only to the central and southern portions of the range, from the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia, southwesterly to the Great Smoky Mountains. As of the 2010 United States Census, the region was home to approximately 25 million people.Since its recognition as a distinctive region in the late 19th century, Appalachia has been a source of enduring myths and distortions regarding the isolation, temperament, and behavior of its inhabitants. Early 20th century writers often engaged in yellow journalism focused on sensationalistic aspects of the region's culture, such as moonshining and clan feuding, and often portrayed the region's inhabitants as uneducated and prone to impulsive acts of violence. Sociological studies in the 1960s and 1970s helped to re-examine and dispel these stereotypes.While endowed with abundant natural resources, Appalachia has long struggled and been associated with poverty. In the early 20th century, large-scale logging and coal mining firms brought wage-paying jobs and modern amenities to Appalachia, but by the 1960s the region had failed to capitalize on any long-term benefits from these two industries. Beginning in the 1930s, the federal government sought to alleviate poverty in the Appalachian region with a series of New Deal initiatives, such as the construction of dams to provide cheap electricity and the implementation of better farming practices. On March 9, 1965, the Appalachian Regional Commission was created to further alleviate poverty in the region, mainly by diversifying the region's economy and helping to provide better health care and educational opportunities to the region's inhabitants. By 1990, Appalachia had largely joined the economic mainstream, but still lagged behind the rest of the nation in most economic indicators.
WATCH: The Most Impressive Air Force One Landing You'll Ever See
Air Force One arrives with President Donald J. Trump in Hamburg, Germany ahead of the G20 summit.
End of the Civil War Book Fair, Part 2: Marching Home: Union Veterans and Their Unending Civil War
12:30pm
Civil War historian Brian Matthew Jordan describes how veterans—left tending rotting wounds, battling alcoholism, and campaigning for paltry pensions—realized that they stood as unwelcome reminders to a new America eager to heal and forget.
A book signing follows the discussion.
link to part 3:
To access live, real-time captioning, please click on the link below or insert the following URL into a separate browser window:
Happy Birthday Abe from your friends at BUNN!
Springfield, Illinois is home to our global headquarters. But did you know it's also home to one truly remarkable man, President Abraham Lincoln. Enjoy this little video as we show you around the wonderful Land of Lincoln in honor of our 16th President's Birthday!
Special thanks to Fritz Klein for bringing Lincoln to Life!
List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials
00:00:15 1 Washington, D.C.
00:02:39 1.1 U.S. Currency
00:03:38 1.2 US military
00:03:47 1.2.1 Bases
00:04:19 1.3 Gallery
00:04:27 2 Arizona
00:04:52 3 Arkansas
00:06:02 4 California
00:06:11 4.1 Schools
00:06:25 5 Colorado
00:06:49 6 Connecticut
00:07:14 6.1 Schools
00:07:32 7 Delaware
00:08:02 8 Florida
00:09:21 8.1 Schools
00:09:47 9 Illinois
00:10:26 9.1 Schools
00:10:58 10 Indiana
00:11:40 11 Iowa
00:12:57 11.1 Schools
00:13:09 12 Kansas
00:14:52 13 Kentucky
00:16:02 14 Louisiana
00:16:17 15 Maine
00:16:39 16 Maryland
00:17:07 17 Massachusetts
00:17:44 18 Michigan
00:18:22 19 Minnesota
00:18:34 20 Mississippi
00:19:45 21 Montana
00:19:58 22 Nebraska
00:20:24 23 New Hampshire
00:20:45 24 New Jersey
00:20:54 24.1 Schools
00:21:06 25 New Mexico
00:21:19 26 New York
00:22:13 27 North Carolina
00:22:23 27.1 Schools
00:22:35 28 North Dakota
00:22:48 29 Ohio
00:23:42 30 Oklahoma
00:24:43 31 Oregon
00:25:06 31.1 Schools
00:25:26 32 Pennsylvania
00:29:58 32.1 Schools
00:30:10 33 Rhode Island
00:30:36 34 South Dakota
00:30:50 35 Tennessee
00:31:05 36 Texas
00:31:17 37 Utah
00:31:34 38 Vermont
00:31:50 39 Virginia
00:32:46 40 Washington
00:33:24 41 West Virginia
00:33:56 41.1 Former
00:34:19 42 Scotland
00:34:33 43 See also
00:35:15 44 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
This is a list of American Civil War monuments and memorials associated with the Union. Monuments and memorials are listed below alphabetically by state. States not listed have no known qualifying items for the list.
LIVE: Confirmation hearing for Supreme Court nominee Judge Brett Kavanaugh (Day 3)
Confirmation hearing for Supreme Court nominee Judge Brett #Kavanaugh (Day 3) - LIVE at 9:30am ET on C-SPAN3, C-SPAN Radio & online here:
Trump Impeachment hearings live: Public testimony from Fiona Hill and David Holmes
Fiona Hill and David Holmes will testify before the House Intelligence Committee starting at 9 a.m. Follow live updates here:
Hill is a former National Security Council official who raised concerns about Rudy Giuliani and efforts to pressure Ukraine.
Holmes is a diplomat at the U.S. embassy in Kiev, who overheard EU Ambassador Gordon Sondland discussing investigations with President Trump the day after his July 25 call with the president of Ukraine.
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History of the Southern United States | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Southern United States
00:00:39 1 Native American civilizations
00:01:27 2 European colonization
00:01:37 2.1 Spanish exploration
00:03:42 2.2 French colonization
00:05:00 3 British colonial era (1607–1775)
00:08:28 3.1 Rise of tobacco culture and slavery in the colonial South
00:11:05 3.2 Growth of the Southern colonies
00:13:39 4 American Revolution
00:16:34 5 Antebellum era (1783–1861)
00:19:08 5.1 Antebellum slavery
00:20:24 5.2 Nullification crisis, political representation, and rising sectionalism
00:22:55 5.3 Sectional parity and issue of slavery in new territories
00:25:47 5.4 Election of 1860, secession, and Lincoln's response
00:27:41 6 Civil War (1861–1865)
00:30:35 6.1 Leadership
00:32:37 6.2 Abolition of slavery
00:34:18 6.3 Railroads
00:36:18 6.4 Sherman's March
00:38:07 7 Reconstruction (1863–1877)
00:39:43 7.1 Material ruin and human losses
00:45:42 7.2 Political Reconstruction (1863–1877)
00:47:34 7.3 Railroads
00:48:43 7.4 Backlash to Reconstruction
00:49:50 8 Origins of the New South (1877–1913)
00:51:09 8.1 Race: from Jim Crow to the Civil Rights movement
00:54:18 9 Rural South
00:57:25 10 Creating the New South (1945–present)
01:01:26 11 Southern presidents
01:05:22 12 See also
01:06:10 13 Footnotes
01:06:19 14 Further reading
01:11:28 14.1 Historiography
01:13:04 14.2 Primary sources
01:14:20 15 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of the Southern United States reaches back hundreds of years and includes the Mississippian people, well known for their mound building. European history in the region began in the very earliest days of the exploration and colonization of North America. Spain, France, and England eventually explored and claimed parts of what is now the Southern United States, and the cultural influences of each can still be seen in the region today. In the centuries since, the history of the Southern United States has recorded a large number of important events, including the American Revolution, the American Civil War, the ending of slavery, and the American Civil Rights Movement.
History of the socialist movement in the United States | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:25 1 19th century
00:04:34 1.1 American utopian socialism and utopian communities
00:12:40 1.2 Early American socialism
00:20:12 1.3 Socialism's ties to labor
00:27:07 1.4 Early American anarchism
00:32:14 2 20th century
00:32:24 2.1 Early 20th century: opposition to World War I and the First Red Scare
00:54:34 2.2 1930s–1940s: the Popular Front and the New Deal
01:07:12 2.3 1950s: the Second Red Scare
01:23:09 2.4 1960s–1970s: the New Left and social unrest
01:42:52 2.5 1980s–1990s
01:49:21 3 21st century
01:49:31 3.1 2000s to contemporary times
01:56:00 4 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.7255239145499467
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Socialism in the United States began with utopian communities in the early 19th century such as the Shakers, the activist visionary Josiah Warren and intentional communities inspired by Charles Fourier. Labor activists—usually British, German, or Jewish immigrants—founded the Socialist Labor Party in 1877. The Socialist Party of America was established in 1901. By that time, anarchism also established itself around the country while socialists of different tendencies were involved in early American labor organizations and struggles which reached a high point in the Haymarket affair in Chicago which started International Workers' Day as the main workers holiday around the world (except in the United States, which celebrates Labor Day on the first Monday of September) and making the 8-hour day a worldwide objective by workers organizations and socialist parties worldwide.Under Socialist Party of America presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs, socialist opposition to World War I led to the governmental repression collectively known as the First Red Scare. The Socialist Party declined in the 1920s, but nonetheless often ran Norman Thomas for President. In the 1930s, the Communist Party USA took importance in labor and racial struggles while it suffered a split which converged in the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party. In the 1950s, socialism was affected by McCarthyism and in the 1960s it was revived by the general radicalization brought by the New Left and other social struggles and revolts. In the 1960s, Michael Harrington and other socialists were called to assist the Kennedy administration and then the Johnson administration's War on Poverty and Great Society while socialists also played important roles in the Civil Rights Movement. Socialism in the United States has been composed of many tendencies, often in important disagreements with each other; it has included utopian socialists, social democrats, democratic socialists, communists, Trotskyists and anarchists.
The socialist movement in the United States has historically been relatively weak. Unlike socialist parties in Europe, Canada and Oceania, a major social democratic party never materialized in the United States and the socialist movement remains marginal, almost unique in its powerlessness among the Western democracies. In the United States, socialism brings considerable stigma, in large part for its association with authoritarian communist regimes. A June 2015 Gallup poll revealed that 47% of respondents would vote for a socialist President while 50% would not. Willingness to vote for a socialist President was 59% among Democrats, 49% among independents and 26% among Republicans. An October 2015 poll found that 49% of Democrats had a favorable view of socialism compared to 37% for capitalism. According to a 2013 article in The Guardian: Contrary to popular belief, Americans don't have an innate allergy to socialism. Milwaukee has had several socialist mayors (Frank Zeidler, Emil Seidel, and Daniel Hoan). In 1920, Socialist Party presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs won nearly 1m [million] v ...
Industrial Workers of the World | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Industrial Workers of the World
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), members of which are commonly termed Wobblies, is an international labor union that was founded in 1905 in Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. The union combines general unionism with industrial unionism, as it is a general union whose members are further organized within the industry of their employment. The philosophy and tactics of the IWW are described as revolutionary industrial unionism, with ties to both socialist and anarchist labor movements.
In the 1910s and early 1920s, the IWW achieved many of their short-term goals, particularly in the American West, and cut across traditional guild and union lines to organize workers in a variety of trades and industries. At their peak in August 1917, IWW membership was more than 150,000, with active wings in the U.S., Canada and Australia. The extremely high rate of IWW membership turnover during this era (estimated at 133% per decade) makes it difficult for historians to state membership totals with any certainty, as workers tended to join the IWW in large numbers for relatively short periods (e.g., during labor strikes and periods of generalized economic distress).Due to several factors, membership declined dramatically in the late 1910s and 1920s. There were conflicts with other labor groups, particularly the American Federation of Labor (AFL), which regarded the IWW as too radical, while the IWW regarded the AFL as too conservative and dividing workers by craft. Membership also declined due to government crackdowns on radical, anarchist and socialist groups during the First Red Scare after World War I. In Canada the IWW was outlawed by the federal government.
Probably the most decisive factor in the decline in IWW membership and influence, however, was a 1924 schism in the organization, from which the IWW never fully recovered.The IWW promotes the concept of One Big Union, and contends that all workers should be united as a social class to supplant capitalism and wage labor with industrial democracy. They are known for the Wobbly Shop model of workplace democracy, in which workers elect their managers and other forms of grassroots democracy (self-management) are implemented. IWW membership does not require that one work in a represented workplace, nor does it exclude membership in another labor union.In 2012, the IWW moved its General Headquarters offices to 2036 West Montrose, Chicago. The origin of the nickname Wobblies is uncertain.
American Industrial Revolution | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:07:50 1 Pre-European technology
00:09:48 2 Colonial era
00:09:58 2.1 Agriculture
00:10:59 2.2 Artisanship
00:11:52 2.3 Silver working
00:16:23 2.4 Factories and mills
00:23:11 2.5 Turnpikes and canals
00:32:28 2.6 Steamboats
00:35:28 2.7 Mining
00:35:36 2.8 Civil War
00:35:49 3 Technological systems and infrastructure
00:36:30 3.1 Railroads
00:39:13 3.2 Iron and steel-making
00:43:10 3.3 Telegraph and telephone
00:46:00 3.4 Petroleum
00:49:59 3.5 Electricity
00:56:24 3.6 Automobiles
01:00:05 4 Effects of industrialization
01:00:15 4.1 Agricultural production
01:03:12 4.2 Urbanization
01:04:36 4.3 Labor issues and immigration
01:06:25 4.4 Banking, trading, and financial services
01:07:03 4.5 Regulation
01:07:37 5 Military-industrial-academic complex
01:08:52 5.1 Research universities
01:11:08 5.2 World War I and World War II
01:13:18 5.3 Cold War and Space Race
01:15:16 5.4 Computers and information networks
01:16:46 6 Service industry
01:16:56 6.1 Health care and biotechnology
01:19:06 6.2 News, media, and entertainment
01:19:22 7 Technology and society
01:19:40 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8999391665820107
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The technological and industrial history of the United States describes the United States' emergence as one of the most technologically advanced nations in the world. The availability of land and literate labor, the absence of a landed aristocracy, the prestige of entrepreneurship, the diversity of climate and a large easily accessed upscale and literate free market all contributed to America's rapid industrialisation. The availability of capital, development by the free market of navigable rivers, and coastal waterways, and the abundance of natural resources facilitated the cheap extraction of energy all contributed to America's rapid industrialization. Fast transport by the very large railroad built in the mid-19th century, and the Interstate Highway System built in the late 20th century, enlarged the markets and reducing shipping and production costs. The legal system facilitated business operations and guaranteed contracts. Cut off from Europe by the embargo and the British blockade in the War of 1812 (1807–15), entrepreneurs opened factories in the Northeast that set the stage for rapid industrialization modeled on British innovations.
From its emergence as an independent nation, the United States has encouraged science and innovation. As a result, the United States has been the birthplace of 161 of Britannica's 321 Greatest Inventions, including items such as the airplane, internet, microchip, laser, cellphone, refrigerator, email, microwave, personal computer, Liquid-crystal display and light-emitting diode technology, air conditioning, assembly line, supermarket, bar code, automated teller machine, and many more.The early technological and industrial development in the United States was facilitated by a unique confluence of geographical, social, and economic factors. The relative lack of workers kept United States wages nearly always higher than corresponding British and European workers and provided an incentive to mechanize some tasks. The United States population had some semi-unique advantages in that they were former British subjects, had high English literacy skills, for that period (over 80% in New England), had strong British institutions, with some minor American modifications, of courts, laws, right to vote, protection of property rights and in many cases personal contacts among the British innovators of the Industrial Revolution. They had a good basic structure to build on. Another major advantage, which the British lacked, was no inherited aristocratic institutions. The eastern seaboard of the United States, with a great number of ri ...
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Technological and industrial history of the United States
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SUMMARY
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The technological and industrial history of the United States describes the United States' emergence as one of the most technologically advanced nations in the world. The availability of land and literate labor, the absence of a landed aristocracy, the prestige of entrepreneurship, the diversity of climate and a large easily accessed upscale and literate free market all contributed to America's rapid industrialisation. The availability of capital, development by the free market of navigable rivers, and coastal waterways, and the abundance of natural resources facilitated the cheap extraction of energy all contributed to America's rapid industrialization. Fast transport by the very large railroad built in the mid-19th century, and the Interstate Highway System built in the late 20th century, enlarged the markets and reducing shipping and production costs. The legal system facilitated business operations and guaranteed contracts. Cut off from Europe by the embargo and the British blockade in the War of 1812 (1807–15), entrepreneurs opened factories in the Northeast that set the stage for rapid industrialization modeled on British innovations.
From its emergence as an independent nation, the United States has encouraged science and innovation. As a result, the United States has been the birthplace of 161 of Britannica's 321 Greatest Inventions, including items such as the airplane, internet, microchip, laser, cellphone, refrigerator, email, microwave, personal computer, Liquid-crystal display and light-emitting diode technology, air conditioning, assembly line, supermarket, bar code, automated teller machine, and many more.The early technological and industrial development in the United States was facilitated by a unique confluence of geographical, social, and economic factors. The relative lack of workers kept United States wages nearly always higher than corresponding British and European workers and provided an incentive to mechanize some tasks. The United States population had some semi-unique advantages in that they were former British subjects, had high English literacy skills, for that period (over 80% in New England), had strong British institutions, with some minor American modifications, of courts, laws, right to vote, protection of property rights and in many cases personal contacts among the British innovators of the Industrial Revolution. They had a good basic structure to build on. Another major advantage, which the British lacked, was no inherited aristocratic institutions. The eastern seaboard of the United States, with a great number of rivers and streams along the Atlantic seaboard, provided many potential sites for constructing textile mills necessary for early industrialization. The technology and information on how to build a textile industry was largely provided by Samuel Slater (1768–1835) who emigrated to New England in 1789. He had studied and worked in British textile mills for a number of years and immigrated to the United States, despite restrictions against it, to try his luck with U.S. manufacturers who were trying to set up a textile industry. He was offered a full partnership if he could succeed—he did. A vast supply of natural resources, the technological knowledge on how to build and power the necessary machines along with a labor supply of mobile workers, often unmarried females, all aided early industrialization. The broad knowledge of the Industrial Revolution and Scientific revolution helped facilitate understanding for the construction and invention of new manufacturing businesses and technologies. A limited government that would allow them to succeed or fail on their own merit helped.
After the close of the American Revolution in 1783, the new government continued the strong property rights established under British rule and established a rule of law necessary to protect those ...