Yihe Road Residence Area

Nanjing

Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京; pinyin: Nánjīng; Wade–Giles: Nan-ching) is the capital of Jiangsu province in Eastern China. It has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China for several periods. Its present name means Southern Capital and was widely romanized as Nankin and Nanking until the pinyin language reform, after which Nanjing was gradually adopted as the standard spelling of the city's name in most languages that use the Roman alphabet.
Located in the lower Yangtze River drainage basin and Yangtze River Delta economic zone, Nanjing has long been one of China's most important cities. Having been the capital city of six different dynasties since 3 A.D., it is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. It was the capital of Wu during the Three Kingdoms Period, and the capital of the Republic of China prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has long been a national centre of education, research, transport networks and tourism. The city will host the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics.


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Nanjing | Wikipedia audio article

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00:03:37 1 Names
00:04:35 2 History
00:04:43 2.1 Early history and foundation
00:06:15 2.2 Capital of the Six Dynasties
00:08:27 2.3 Destruction and revival
00:09:32 2.4 Southern capital of Ming dynasty
00:15:49 2.5 Qing dynasty and Taiping Rebellion
00:17:41 2.6 Capital of the republic and Nanking Massacre
00:20:37 2.7 Chinese Civil War and People's Republic
00:21:37 3 Geography
00:23:46 3.1 Climate and environment
00:27:06 3.2 Cityscape
00:27:14 3.3 Environmental issues
00:27:23 3.3.1 Air pollution in 2013
00:29:08 4 Government
00:29:34 4.1 Administrative divisions
00:29:47 5 Demographics
00:31:09 6 Economy
00:31:17 6.1 Earlier development
00:33:02 6.2 Modern times
00:34:44 6.3 Today
00:37:12 7 Transportation
00:37:48 7.1 Rail
00:39:15 7.2 Road
00:41:51 7.3 Public transportation
00:42:47 7.4 Air
00:43:57 7.5 Water
00:44:58 7.6 Yangtze River crossings
00:46:09 8 Culture and art
00:46:54 8.1 Art
00:47:47 8.2 Festivals
00:48:37 8.3 Libraries
00:49:15 8.4 Museums
00:50:18 8.5 Theater
00:50:44 8.6 Night life
00:51:51 8.7 Food and symbolism
00:52:45 9 Sports and stadiums
00:55:13 10 Architecture
00:55:31 10.1 Imperial period
00:55:40 10.1.1 Inside the walled city
00:56:36 10.1.2 Outside the walled city
00:57:12 10.2 Republic of China period
00:57:28 10.2.1 Inside the walled city
00:59:38 10.2.2 Outside the walled city
01:00:15 10.3 People's Republic of China period
01:00:46 11 Education
01:02:20 12 Sister cities
01:02:40 13 Notable people
01:02:51 14 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Nanjing (listen), alternately romanized as Nanking and Nankin, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China and the second largest city in the East China region, with an administrative area of 6,600 km2 (2,500 sq mi) and a total population of 8,270,500 as of 2016. The inner area of Nanjing enclosed by the city wall is Nanjing City (南京城), with an area of 55 km2 (21 sq mi), while the Nanjing Metropolitan Region includes surrounding cities and areas, covering over 60,000 km2 (23,000 sq mi), with a population of over 30 million.
Situated in the Yangtze River Delta region, Nanjing has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capital of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century to 1949, and has thus long been a major center of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism, being the home to one of the world's largest inland ports. The city is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength issued by the National Statistics Bureau, and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta. It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honor of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honor Award and National Civilized City.Nanjing has many high-quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University which has a long history and is among the world top 10 universities ranked by Nature Index. The ratio of college students to total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of the top three Chinese scientific research centers, according to the Nature Index, especially strong in the chemical sciences.
Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. It has been one of the w ...

Boxer Rebellion | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Boxer Rebellion

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Boxer Rebellion (拳亂), Boxer Uprising, or Yihetuan Movement (義和團運動) was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty. They were motivated by proto-nationalist sentiments and by opposition to Western colonialism and the Christian missionary activity that was associated with it.
It was initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness (Yihetuan), known in English as the Boxers, for many of their members had been practitioners of Chinese martial arts, also referred to in the west as Chinese Boxing. The uprising took place against a background that included severe drought and disruption caused by the growth of foreign spheres of influence. After several months of growing violence in Shandong and the North China plain against the foreign and Christian presence in June 1900, Boxer fighters, convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on Beijing with the slogan Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners. Foreigners and Chinese Christians sought refuge in the Legation Quarter.
In response to reports of an armed invasion by allied American, Austro-Hungarian, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Russian forces to lift the siege, the initially hesitant Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers and on June 21 issued an Imperial Decree declaring war on the foreign powers. Diplomats, foreign civilians, and soldiers as well as Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were detained for 55 days by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers.
Chinese officialdom was split between those supporting the Boxers and those favoring conciliation, led by Prince Qing. The supreme commander of the Chinese forces, the Manchu General Ronglu (Junglu), later claimed he acted to protect the besieged foreigners. Many officials refused the imperial order to fight against foreigners in their Mutual Protection of Southeast China, because Qing had lost the First Sino-Japanese War five years before.
The Eight-Nation Alliance, after being initially turned back, brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and arrived at Peking on August 14, relieving the siege of the Legations. Uncontrolled plunder of the capital and the surrounding countryside ensued, along with the summary execution of those suspected of being Boxers.
The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 provided for the execution of government officials who had supported the Boxers, provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and 450 million taels of silver—approximately $10 billion at 2018 silver prices and more than the government's annual tax revenue—to be paid as indemnity over the course of the next thirty-nine years to the eight nations involved. The Empress Dowager then sponsored a set of institutional and fiscal changes in a failed attempt to save the dynasty.