(AV17407) Russia After the Presidential Elections: Is There Hope for Democracy?
Description:
Russia After the Presidential Elections: Is There Hope for Democracy?
Lecturer: David Satter
Date Created:
4/7/08
Original Creator: University Lecture Series
Original Format: CD-DA
Original Digital Format: .WAV File
Why the Deadly Asbestos Industry is Still Alive and Well
Despite irrefutable scientific evidence calling out the dangers of asbestos, 2 million tons of the carcinogen are exported every year to the developing world, where it's often handled with little to no regulation.
For this episode of VICE Reports, correspondent Milène Larsson traveled to the world's largest asbestos mine in the eponymous town of Asbest, Russia, to meet workers whose livelihoods revolve entirely around the dangerous mineral. Surprisingly, the risks associated with asbestos mining didn't seem to worry the inhabitants; in fact, asbestos is the city's pride, celebrated with monuments, songs, and even its own museum.
Larsson then visits Libby, Montana, another mining town almost on the other side of the globe, where the effects of asbestos exposure are undeniable: 400 townspeople have died from asbestos-related diseases, and many more are slowly choking to death. Why is the deadly industry of mining and selling asbestos still alive and well?
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Industrial Soviet Cities
In this video, Professor Glaeser takes us through the industrial development of the Soviet Union, comparing the results to the patterns we see in US industrial cities.
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Фонд «Внимание» объявляет войну варварам
Фонду «Внимание» в октябре определенно есть, чем похвастаться!
Мы завершили два больших проекта: дом на Московской улице в Кимрах и деревянный дом в центре Иркутска. Кроме того, в работе уже находятся больше десятка исторических зданий: купеческий дом в Бузулуке, дом Aseman Talo, дом с резными воротами в Тюмени, дом Алаева в Вологде... А ещё девять объектов ожидают вашей поддержки.
Про все наши объекты по порядку — в ролике.
Помочь фонду «Внимание»:
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Найти, спасти и сохранить: фонд «Внимание» продолжает работу
Внимание! Лето закончилось, работа продолжается
Год фонду «Внимание»: как мы сохраняем историческое наследие
От домов до дверей: проекты фонда «Внимание»
Для тех, кто хочет помочь с субтитрами или переводом этого ролика:
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Yekaterinburg | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:18 1 History
00:00:27 1.1 Prehistory
00:00:46 1.2 Imperial era
00:01:04 1.3 Soviet era
00:01:22 1.4 Contemporary era
00:01:41 2 Geography and climate
00:01:50 2.1 Location
00:02:09 2.2 Time
00:02:27 2.3 Climate
00:02:45 3 Demographics
00:02:55 3.1 Population
00:03:13 3.2 Religion
00:03:31 4 Government
00:03:50 4.1 Administrative districts
00:04:08 4.2 Administration
00:04:18 4.2.1 Urban
00:04:36 4.2.2 Oblast
00:04:54 4.2.3 Federal
00:05:13 4.3 Politics
00:05:31 5 Economy
00:05:40 5.1 Overview
00:05:59 5.2 Living costs and the labor market
00:06:17 5.3 Finance and business
00:06:36 5.4 Industry
00:06:54 5.5 Retail and services
00:07:13 5.6 Tourism
00:07:31 6 Infrastructure
00:07:40 6.1 Transportation
00:07:59 6.1.1 Roads
00:08:17 6.1.2 Public transit
00:08:36 6.1.3 Rail
00:08:54 6.1.4 Air
00:09:12 6.2 Health
00:09:31 7 Education
00:09:59 8 Media and telecommunications
00:10:17 9 Life and culture
00:10:26 9.1 Overview
00:10:54 9.2 Architecture
00:11:21 9.3 Sports
00:11:40 9.3.1 Sport clubs
00:11:58 9.3.2 2018 FIFA World Cup
00:12:17 10 International relations
00:12:26 10.1 Consulates
00:12:44 10.2 BRIC summit
00:13:03 10.3 World Expo
00:13:21 10.4 Twin towns and sister cities
00:13:31 11 Notable people
00:13:40 12 Others
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7596888495503729
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Yekaterinburg ( yih-KAT-ər-in-burg; Russian: Екатеринбу́рг, IPA: [jɪkətʲɪrʲɪnˈburk]), alternatively romanized Ekaterinburg, is the fourth-largest city in Russia and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast, located on the Iset River east of the Ural Mountains, in the middle of the Eurasian continent, on the Asian side of the boundary between Asia and Europe. It is the main cultural and industrial centre of the oblast. In 2018, it had an estimated population of 1,501,652. Yekaterinburg has been dubbed the third capital of Russia, as it is ranked third by the size of economy, culture, transportation and tourism. It is located about 1,420 kilometres (880 mi) to the east of Moscow.
The region was settled and developed by Novgorodians already in the 11th century.
Yekaterinburg was founded on 18 November 1723 and named after the Russian emperor Peter the Great's wife, who after his death became Catherine I, Yekaterina being the Russian form of her name. The city served as the mining capital of the Russian Empire as well as a strategic connection between Europe and Asia at the time. In 1781, Catherine the Great gave Yekaterinburg the status of a district town of Perm Province, and built the main road of the Empire, the Siberian Route, through the city. Yekaterinburg became a key city to Siberia, which had rich resources, and was known as the window to Asia, a reference to Saint Petersburg as a window to Europe. In the late 19th century, Yekaterinburg became one of the centres of revolutionary movements in the Urals. In 1924, after Russia became a socialist state, the city was named Sverdlovsk (Russian: Свердло́вск) after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov. During the Soviet era, Sverdlovsk was turned into an industrial and administrative powerhouse. In 1991, after the fall of the Soviet Union, the city returned to its historical name.
Yekaterinburg is one of the most important economic centres in Russia, and the city had experienced economic and population growth recently. Some of the tallest buildings in Russia are located in the city.
Putin Talks With A Young Mother About Her Career Prospects
Russian president Vladimir Putin met with the finalists of the national management competition, Leaders of Russia.
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Putin's Russia – A discussion with Dr. Leon Aron and Vladimir Kara-Murza | LIVE EVENT
Vladimir Kara-Murza, one of the leaders of the opposition to Vladimir Putin, discusses the state of Russian politics with AEI's Dr. Leon Aron.
This event was recorded in front of a live audience on December 5th, 2017.
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#aei #news #politics #government #education #russia #putin #vladimirputin #election #vote #democracy
Nicholas II of Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nicholas II of Russia
00:03:16 1 Family background
00:06:34 2 Tsarevich
00:09:51 3 Engagement, accession and marriage
00:13:43 4 Reign
00:13:52 4.1 Coronation
00:17:55 4.2 Initiatives in foreign affairs
00:18:52 4.3 Ecclesiastical affairs
00:19:40 4.4 Russo-Japanese War
00:22:47 4.5 Anti-Jewish pogroms of 1903–1906
00:23:48 4.6 Bloody Sunday (1905)
00:28:08 4.7 1905 Revolution
00:31:49 4.8 Relationship with the Duma
00:41:58 4.9 Tsarevich Alexei's illness and Rasputin
00:44:33 4.10 European affairs
00:46:48 4.11 Tercentenary
00:47:26 4.12 First World War
00:56:40 4.13 Collapse
01:01:25 4.13.1 Abdication (1917)
01:04:41 4.14 Imprisonment
01:08:10 4.15 Execution
01:11:32 5 Identification
01:13:22 6 Funeral
01:14:12 7 Sainthood
01:16:19 8 Assessment
01:19:54 9 Ancestry
01:20:03 10 Titles, styles, honours and arms
01:20:14 10.1 Titles and styles
01:21:29 10.2 Honours
01:22:12 10.2.1 National
01:22:39 10.2.2 Foreign
01:23:30 10.3 Arms
01:23:38 11 Children
01:23:47 12 Wealth
01:25:01 13 Documentaries and films
01:25:37 14 See also
01:25:53 15 Note
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nicholas II or Nikolai II (Russian: Николай II Алекса́ндрович, tr. Nikolai II Aleksandrovich; 18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918), known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 2 March 1917. His reign saw the fall of the Russian Empire from one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. He was given the nickname Nicholas the Bloody or Vile Nicholas by his political adversaries due to the Khodynka Tragedy, anti-Semitic pogroms, Bloody Sunday, the violent suppression of the 1905 Russian Revolution, the execution of political opponents, and his perceived responsibility for the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Soviet historians portrayed Nicholas as a weak and incompetent leader whose decisions led to military defeats and the deaths of millions of his subjects.Russia was defeated in the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War which saw the annihilation of the reinforcing Russian Baltic Fleet after being sent on its round-the-world cruise at the naval Battle of Tsushima, off the coasts of Korea and Japan, the loss of Russian influence over Manchuria and Korea, and the Japanese annexation to the north of South Sakhalin Island. The Anglo-Russian Entente was designed to counter the German Empire's attempts to gain influence in the Middle East, but it also ended the Great Game of confrontation between Russia and the United Kingdom. When all Russian diplomatic efforts to prevent the First World War (1914–1918) failed, Nicholas approved the Imperial Russian Army mobilization on 30 July 1914 which gave Imperial Germany formal grounds to declare war on Russia on 1 August 1914. An estimated 3.3 million Russians were killed in the First World War. The Imperial Russian Army's severe losses, the High Command's incompetent management of the war efforts, and lack of food and supplies on the home front were all leading causes of the fall of the House of Romanov.
Following the February Revolution of 1917, Nicholas abdicated on behalf of himself and his son and heir, the Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich. He and his family were imprisoned and transferred to Tobolsk in late summer 1917. On 30 April 1918, Nicholas, Alexandra, and their daughter Maria were handed over to the local Ural Soviet council in Ekaterinburg (renamed Sverdlovsk during the Soviet era); the rest of the captives followed on 23 May. Nicholas and his family were executed by their Bolshevik guards on the night of 16/17 July 1918. The remains of the imperial family were later found, exhumed, identified and re-interred with elaborate State and Church ceremony in St. Petersburg on 17 July 1998 – 80 years later.
In 1981, Nicholas, his wife, and their children were recognized as martyrs by the Russian Orthodox Church Outsid ...
16 03 2015 Debaltsevo: resurrection from the ashes
The town of Debaltsevo, practically raised to the ground by Ukrainian Armed Forces, is now, in several weeks after the bloody fighting was over, returning to life. Literally every building and every street remembers those awful days. Today, when Kiev castigators are at last driven out of the town by the armies of the DPR and LPR, the inhabitants went to the streets to clean up. To be frank, the amount of work to be done is overwhelming: the streets are clogged with dead armoured vehicles of Ukrainian forces, holes gape in the buildings as a result of direct hits from artillery and tanks. Militiamen try to the best of their ability to help the population to clear away the rabble; also demining of the town is underway. For example, deadly gift had been left by the castigators in the railway hospital, where they were stationed. Today one can easily find trip wires in the territory of the hospital, and all approaches to the building had been mined. Fortunately, the railway station did not suffer much and, let us hope that it will start accepting trains soon. Beautiful ensemble of the railway station is an architectural monument, and its restoration has already started.
Российская Империя: Александр II, часть 1. [11/16] [Eng Sub]
Российская Империя. Александр II. Часть первая.
* Воспитание будущего императора.
* Окончание Кавказской войны.
* Отмена крепостного права и другие реформы.
* Подробности продажи Аляски.
* История создания журнала «Современник».
* Присоединение Средней Азии.
* Русский ситец как высшее достижение отечественной лёгкой промышленности.
* Василий Верещагин — художник протеста.
The Knowledge Exchange - Two Weeks in Russia
The Knowledge Exchange
“Two Weeks in Russia”
Presented by:
Dr. Steven Oluic, PhD, U.S. Army (ret.)
Dean, Arts & Sciences Division at Lakeland Community College
Earlier this year, Dr. Oluic spent two weeks in Russia as part of a Fulbright grant and toured several educational institutions. Join us and learn about his experience, impressions, and what Russia is like today. It may be contrary to the current narrative out there and includes numerous photos of his travels.
Nicholas II Russia's last emperor
Russian politician Zhirinovsky funny interview (English subs)
FOR SUBTITLES TURN CAPTIONS (CC) ON.
RECOMMENDED to read the introduction of the description.
This video is an interview of Zhirinovsky at newspaper and radio station ''Komsomolskaya pravda''.
This is one of the funniest Zhirinovsky's interview. Mainly because of the fragment of this interview where he spoke about various topical subjects. He actually speaks his mind here, and even uses some inappropriate language. I think, he don't actually care, but it's funny.
2 main subjects of this interview are situation in Syria, and elections for Moscow mayor. He gives his evaluation about them, of course. He also speaks about immigrants problem, and some other subjects.
So have fun, and have a few laughs.
This interview was made on: 31/08/2013.
Abbreviations:
FO - Foreign Office
FSS - Federal Security Service
SECC - State of Emergency Central Committee
CPSU - Communist Party of Soviet Union
UIS -- Union of Independent States
Remarks:
1. In Russia we have an expression, ''these was only flowers, berries will come later''. That means it's like you didn't see anything yet, this was not a big deal, the main events, the real thing will come later.
2. He mentions some unknown politicians, so I addjusted their names so you can easily find it in Google and see their faces or read about them (not that anyone would want to, but just in case).
3. In Russian word ''apple'' is ''yа́bloko''. The party's name is suppose to be YaBL, and if you switch some letters places, it would be ''blyа́'', which doesn't exactly mean ''fuck'', but it's the closest.
4. Alе́shka is diminutive for Alexei. Usually kids are called like this.
5. If you are curious this is the song (1996):
Олег Газманов / Oleg Gazmanov - Москва / Moskau
This is its Youtube name.
6. Poetry:
Eng: Alexander Sergeievich Pushkin - Moscow... what surge that sound can start In every Russian's inmost heart!
Rus: Александр Сергеевич Пушкин - Москва! Как много в этом звуке...
(1823 - 1831)
7. Desemberers are called the people who organized, initiated and participated in revolution in, at that time, Russian Empire on Desember 1905.
8. In Russian, the words ''strange'' and ''shitty'' are very similar. They sound like this: strange - strа́nniy, shitty - srа́niy.
9. Also, the word ''old'' souds kinda similar to ''shitty'' as well - stа́riy.
10. ''Dad'' or ''daddy'' is how people calling Lukashenko in Russian speaking countries. I guess because he is strict like a father can be sometimes.
Thanks for watching!
FOR TROLLS: Go to hell.
Российская Империя: Николай II, часть 2. [15/16] [Eng Sub]
Российская Империя. Николай II. Часть вторая.
* Русский политический терроризм.
* Первая Государственная Дума.
* Распутин.
* Столыпинские реформы.
* М. Горький и его партийная школа для рабочих на Капри.
* «Серебряный век» русской культуры — поэты-символисты, русский модерн, Русские сезоны в Париже.
* Убийство Столыпина, 1913-й год — последний мирный год империи — расцвет экономики, 300 лет дому Романовых.
* Рост преступности, русская порнография.
Vladimir Lenin | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Vladimir Lenin
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known by the alias Lenin, was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party communist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism.
Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent theorist in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1903, he took a key role in a RSDLP ideological split, leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Encouraging insurrection during Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he later campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime.
Lenin's Bolshevik government initially shared power with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, elected soviets, and a multi-party Constituent Assembly, although by 1918 it had centralised power in the new Communist Party. Lenin's administration redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry. It withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty with the Central Powers and promoted world revolution through the Communist International. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign administered by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed or interned in concentration camps. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin encouraged economic growth through the market-oriented New Economic Policy. Several non-Russian nations secured independence after 1917, but three re-united with Russia through the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922. In increasingly poor health, Lenin died at his dacha in Gorki, with Joseph Stalin succeeding him as the pre-eminent figure in the Soviet government.
Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century, Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism–Leninism and thus a prominent influence over the international communist movement. A controversial and highly divisive individual, Lenin is viewed by supporters as a champion of socialism and the working class, while critics on both the left and right emphasize his role as founder and leader of an authoritarian regime responsible for political repression and mass killings.
World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
World War I
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of World War II about twenty years later.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 July Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and the two moved to a war footing.
A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe. By 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente—consisting of France, Russia and Britain—and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (the Triple Alliance was primarily defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war in 1914). Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia, on 25 July issuing orders for the 'period preparatory to war', and after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28th, partial mobilisation was approved of the military districts nearest to Austria. General Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July; on the 31st, Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same, while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within 12 hours. When Russia failed to comply, Germany declared war on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary, with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August.German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within four weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan. On 2 August, Germany demanded free passage through Belgium, an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France. When this was refused, German forces entered Belgium early on the morning of 3 August and declared war with France the same day; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence by capturing German possessions in China and the Pacific. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary and Germany would become known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917. The Eastern Front was marked by much greater exchanges of territory, but though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Rom ...
First World War | Wikipedia audio article
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First World War
00:06:48 1 Names
00:09:48 2 Background
00:09:57 2.1 Political and military alliances
00:12:25 2.2 Arms race
00:14:34 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans
00:15:54 3 Prelude
00:16:03 3.1 Sarajevo assassination
00:18:08 3.2 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina
00:19:05 3.3 July Crisis
00:23:12 4 Progress of the war
00:23:21 4.1 Opening hostilities
00:23:30 4.1.1 Confusion among the Central Powers
00:24:17 4.1.2 Serbian campaign
00:24:59 4.1.3 German Offensive in Belgium and France
00:28:12 4.1.4 Asia and the Pacific
00:29:18 4.1.5 African campaigns
00:30:01 4.1.6 Indian support for the Allies
00:31:30 4.2 Western Front
00:31:39 4.2.1 Trench warfare begins
00:33:54 4.2.2 Continuation of trench warfare
00:37:33 4.3 Naval war
00:42:15 4.4 Southern theatres
00:42:24 4.4.1 War in the Balkans
00:46:00 4.4.2 Ottoman Empire
00:50:36 4.4.3 Italian participation
00:54:43 4.4.4 Romanian participation
00:57:39 4.5 Eastern Front
00:57:47 4.5.1 Initial actions
00:58:39 4.5.2 Russian Revolution
01:01:18 4.5.3 Czechoslovak Legion
01:02:43 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures
01:04:27 4.7 1917–1918
01:04:45 4.7.1 Developments in 1917
01:07:48 4.7.2 Ottoman Empire conflict, 1917–1918
01:10:53 4.7.3 15 August 1917: Peace offer by the Pope
01:11:55 4.7.4 Entry of the United States
01:15:30 4.7.5 German Spring Offensive of 1918
01:19:05 4.7.6 New states enter the war
01:20:23 4.8 Allied victory: summer 1918 onwards
01:20:34 4.8.1 Hundred Days Offensive
01:22:42 4.8.1.1 Battle of Albert
01:24:15 4.8.2 Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line
01:26:05 4.8.3 German Revolution 1918-1919
01:27:04 4.8.4 New German government surrenders
01:28:03 4.8.5 Armistices and capitulations
01:31:30 5 Aftermath
01:32:11 5.1 Formal end of the war
01:34:02 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries
01:38:33 5.3 National identities
01:41:52 5.4 Health effects
01:45:21 6 Technology
01:45:30 6.1 Ground warfare
01:50:58 6.1.1 Areas taken in major attacks
01:52:34 6.2 Naval
01:53:29 6.3 Aviation
01:55:35 7 War crimes
01:55:44 7.1 Baralong incidents
01:56:40 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS iLlandovery Castle/i
01:57:27 7.3 Blockade of Germany
01:58:16 7.4 Chemical weapons in warfare
02:00:16 7.5 Genocide and ethnic cleansing
02:00:25 7.5.1 Ottoman Empire
02:02:04 7.5.2 Russian Empire
02:02:29 7.6 Rape of Belgium
02:03:54 8 Soldiers' experiences
02:04:30 8.1 Prisoners of war
02:08:11 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents
02:08:37 9 Support for and opposition to the war
02:08:48 9.1 Support
02:12:19 9.2 Opposition
02:18:01 9.3 Conscription
02:18:27 9.3.1 Conscription in Canada
02:18:54 9.3.2 Conscription in Australia
02:19:25 9.3.3 Conscription in Britain
02:20:55 9.3.4 United States
02:22:56 9.3.5 Austria-Hungary
02:23:38 9.4 Diplomacy
02:24:29 10 Legacy and memory
02:24:53 10.1 Historiography
02:25:36 10.2 Memorials
02:27:16 10.3 Cultural memory
02:30:08 10.4 Social trauma
02:31:17 10.5 Discontent in Germany
02:33:15 10.6 Economic effects
02:39:28 11 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries ...
World War I | Wikipedia audio article
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World War I
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SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of World War II about twenty years later.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 July Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and the two moved to a war footing.
A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe. By 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente—consisting of France, Russia and Britain—and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (the Triple Alliance was primarily defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war in 1914). Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia, on 25 July issuing orders for the 'period preparatory to war', and after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28th, partial mobilisation was approved of the military districts nearest to Austria. General Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July; on the 31st, Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same, while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within 12 hours. When Russia failed to comply, Germany declared war on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary, with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August.German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within four weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan. On 2 August, Germany demanded free passage through Belgium, an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France. When this was refused, German forces entered Belgium early on the morning of 3 August and declared war with France the same day; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence by capturing German possessions in China and the Pacific. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary and Germany would become known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917. The Eastern Front was marked by much greater exchanges of territory, but though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Rom ...
Institute of Biomedical Problems | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:07 1 Membership
00:03:18 2 Present structure
00:03:46 2.1 Territorial branches
00:05:54 2.2 Regional centers
00:07:01 3 Institutions
00:08:59 4 Awards
00:09:15 5 History
00:09:24 5.1 The Academy of Sciences of the Russian Empire
00:12:32 5.2 The Academy of Sciences of the USSR
00:17:21 5.3 Post-Soviet period of the Academy
00:18:54 5.3.1 Reforms (2013—2018)
00:22:59 6 Presidents
00:23:40 7 Nobel Prize laureates affiliated with the Academy
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Russian: Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíiskaya akadémiya naúk) consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.
Headquartered in Moscow, the Academy (RAS) is considered a civil, self-governed, non-commercial organization chartered by the Government of Russia. It combines the members of RAS (see below) and scientists employed by institutions. Near the central academy building there is a monument to Yuri Gagarin in the square bearing his name.
As of November 2017, the Academy included 1008 institutions and other units; in total about 125,000 people were employed of whom 47,000 were scientific researchers.