Building of Former Printing Office Granit

Vladimir Lenin | Wikipedia audio article

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Vladimir Lenin

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known by the alias Lenin, was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party communist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism.
Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent theorist in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1903, he took a key role in a RSDLP ideological split, leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Encouraging insurrection during Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he later campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime.
Lenin's Bolshevik government initially shared power with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, elected soviets, and a multi-party Constituent Assembly, although by 1918 it had centralised power in the new Communist Party. Lenin's administration redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry. It withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty with the Central Powers and promoted world revolution through the Communist International. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign administered by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed or interned in concentration camps. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin encouraged economic growth through the market-oriented New Economic Policy. Several non-Russian nations secured independence after 1917, but three re-united with Russia through the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922. In increasingly poor health, Lenin died at his dacha in Gorki, with Joseph Stalin succeeding him as the pre-eminent figure in the Soviet government.
Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century, Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism–Leninism and thus a prominent influence over the international communist movement. A controversial and highly divisive individual, Lenin is viewed by supporters as a champion of socialism and the working class, while critics on both the left and right emphasize his role as founder and leader of an authoritarian regime responsible for political repression and mass killings.

Colour revolution | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Colour revolution

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Colour revolution (sometimes called the coloured revolution) is a term that was widely used by worldwide media to describe various related movements that developed in several countries of the former Soviet Union and the Balkans during the early 2000s. The term has also been applied to a number of revolutions elsewhere, including in the Middle East. Some observers (such as Justin Raimondo and Michael Lind) have called the events a revolutionary wave, the origins of which can be traced back to the 1986 People Power Revolution (also known as the Yellow Revolution) in the Philippines.
Participants in the colour revolutions have mostly used nonviolent resistance, also called civil resistance. Such methods as demonstrations, strikes and interventions have been intended protest against governments seen as corrupt and/or authoritarian and to advocate democracy and they have also created strong pressure for change. These movements generally adopted a specific colour or flower as their symbol. The colour revolutions are notable for the important role of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and particularly student activists in organising creative non-violent resistance.
Such movements have had a measure of success as for example in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's Bulldozer Revolution (2000), in Georgia's Rose Revolution (2003) and in Ukraine's Orange Revolution (2004). In most but not all cases, massive street protests followed disputed elections or requests for fair elections and led to the resignation or overthrow of leaders considered by their opponents to be authoritarian. Some events have been called colour revolutions, but are different from the above cases in certain basic characteristics. Examples include Lebanon's Cedar Revolution (2005) and Kuwait's Blue Revolution (2005).
Government figures in Russia, such as Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu and Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, stated that color revolutions are externally fueled act with a clear goal to influence the internal affairs that destabilize economy, conflict with the law and represent a new form of warfare. President Vladimir Putin said that Russia must prevent colour revolutions: We see what tragic consequences the wave of so-called colour revolutions led to. For us this is a lesson and a warning. We should do everything necessary so that nothing similar ever happens in Russia.

Pyongyang | Wikipedia audio article

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Pyongyang

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Pyongyang, or P'yŏngyang (UK: , US: ; Korean pronunciation: [pʰjʌŋ.jaŋ]), is the capital and largest city of North Korea. Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about 109 kilometres (68 mi) upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. According to the 2008 population census, it has a population of 3,255,288. The city was split from the South Pyongan province in 1946. It is administered as a directly-administered city (직할시; 直轄市; chikhalsi) with equal status to provinces, the same as special cities in South Korea (특별시; 特別市; teukbyeolsi), including Seoul.

Modern architecture | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:00:39 1 Origins
00:03:55 2 Early modernism in Europe (1900–1914)
00:10:14 3 Early American modernism (1890s–1914)
00:11:48 3.1 Early skyscrapers
00:13:29 4 Rise of Modernism in Europe and Russia (1918–1931)
00:14:35 4.1 International Style (1918–1950s)
00:17:00 4.2 Bauhaus and the German Werkbund (1919–1932)
00:20:25 4.3 Expressionist architecture (1918–1931)
00:25:22 4.4 Constructivist architecture (1919–1931)
00:29:23 4.5 Modernism becomes a movement: CIAM (1928)
00:32:46 5 Art Deco
00:34:58 5.1 American Art Deco; the skyscraper style (1919–1939)
00:36:47 5.2 Streamline style and Public Works Administration (1933–1939)
00:38:40 6 American modernism - Frank Lloyd Wright, Rudolph Schindler, Richard Neutra (1919–1939)
00:41:11 7 Paris International Exposition of 1937 and the architecture of dictators
00:44:21 8 New York World's Fair (1939)
00:45:20 9 World War II: wartime innovation and postwar reconstruction (1939–1945)
00:48:16 10 Le Corbusier and the iCité Radieuse/i (1947–1952)
00:50:02 11 Postwar modernism in the United States (1945–1985)
00:50:59 11.1 Frank Lloyd Wright and the Guggenheim Museum
00:53:13 11.2 Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer
00:54:35 11.3 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
00:56:25 11.4 Richard Neutra and Charles & Ray Eames
00:58:19 11.5 Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and Wallace K. Harrison
01:00:49 11.6 Philip Johnson
01:02:12 11.7 Eero Saarinen
01:04:57 11.8 Louis Kahn
01:06:55 11.9 I. M. Pei
01:10:17 12 Postwar modernism in Europe (1945–1975)
01:13:56 13 Latin America
01:17:41 14 Asia and the Pacific
01:20:51 15 Preservation
01:22:03 16 See also



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Speaking Rate: 0.8613279336786368
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Modern architecture, or modernist architecture was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel and reinforced concrete; the idea that form should follow function (→functionalism); an embrace of minimalism; and a rejection of ornament.
It emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II until the 1980s, when it was gradually replaced as the
principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture.