Places to see in ( Parma - Italy ) Palazzo Del Governatore
Places to see in ( Parma - Italy ) Palazzo Del Governatore
The Governor's palace is a baroque and neoclassical building , located on the entire north side of the central Piazza Garibaldi in Parma. The building was originally built on the north side of Piazza Nuova (now Piazza Garibaldi) between 1283 and 1285 , as the Palazzo dei Mercanti, following the demolition of the pre-existing houses. In late Romanesque style , it was made up of two distinct buildings, separated in the center by the narrow village of San Marco, no longer existing today. Entirely covered in bricks, it rose on a portico on the ground floor and was characterized on the first floor by two orders of mullioned windows and three-light windows; the façade was crowned with a crenellation at the top.
Lost the original mercantile functions, the building soon became the seat of the Captain of the city and, subsequently, of the Governor, the civilian editor and other municipal magistrates; however, the architectural structure remained unchanged for centuries. Following the collapse of the very high Civic Tower on January 27, 1606 , which also caused the destruction of the Town Hall , the need arose to restructure the Governor's palace, which was initially unified by closing the village of San Marco with a vault; on the latter in 1673 a tower was built, designed by the engineer from Piacenza, Gian Battista Barattieri, who assumed the ancient functions of the destroyed civic tower, of which he kept the ancient bell called di terzo, dating back to 1453 , intact over the centuries until the replacement with a copy in 1998 .
In 1760 the architect of Corte Ennemond Alexandre Petitot was commissioned to reorganize the square; the Governor's palace was so renovated in elegant neoclassical forms, with the inclusion of the typical decorative elements; the central niche was also opened to house the statue of the Crowned Virgin , sculpted by Jean-Baptiste Boudard . In 1829 the duchess Maria Luigia commissioned Lorenzo Ferrari and Luigi Pazzoni to create the large sundials of the façade.
In the twenties, the interior and the back of the building underwent an important restructuring intervention in the rationalist style , which retained only some of the ancient interior decorations. The entire building, home to some municipal offices until the end of the twentieth century , underwent a complete restoration between 2000 and 2009 , which transformed it into today's Place of Modern and Contemporary Art: inaugurated in January 2010 with the Nove100 exhibition , it hosts temporary exhibitions of predominantly contemporary art.
The facade of the building, entirely plastered and colored in shades of yellow, is characterized by the high central tower, which presents, despite the interventions of the Petitot, typical elements of the Baroque style. On it, below the three large openings that house the bell, a large clock is placed; below, on the sides of the niche that houses the statue of the Crowned Virgin of Boudard, the complex sundials are placednineteenth-century, which at the time of construction were one of the most advanced systems of measuring time. They consist of a solar clock and meridians of real time and average time, which allow you to view, in addition to the hours of the day, even time zones, the passing of the months, the hours of sunrise and sunset, the zodiacal constellations and others astronomical calculations.
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IL TURCO IN ITALIA - Flash Mob Piacenza
Flash Mob Opera Lirica Il Turco in Italia
Teatro Municipale di Piacenza
Fondazione Teatri di Piacenza
Parma Città d’Arte
Parma è una delle più belle città d'arte d'Italia; meta del turismo culturale e gastronomico, nota per i monumenti, i castelli, l'arte, la cucina e l'opera lirica.
Palazzo della Pilotta - Palazzo del Governatore - Battistero - Cattedrale - Basilica di Santa Maria della Steccata - Piazza Giuseppe Garibaldi - Palazzo Tarasconi - Chiesa Di Sant’Alessandro – Piazza Della Steccata – Chiesa Di San Pietro – Fontana Di Barriera Repubblica – Chiesa Di San Vitale -
Piazza Duomo -- - Parco Ducale - Laghetto Del Parco Ducale – Palazzo Ducale - Teatro Regio
Parma is one of the most beautiful cities of art in Italy; destination for cultural and gastronomic tourism, known for its monuments, castles, art, cuisine and opera.
Palazzo della Pilotta - Governor's Palace - Baptistery - Cathedral - Basilica of Santa Maria della Steccata - Piazza Giuseppe Garibaldi - Tarasconi Palace - Church of Sant'Alessandro - Piazza Della Steccata - Church of San Pietro - Fontana Di Barriera Repubblica - Church of San Vitale -
Piazza Duomo - - Ducal Park - Pond of the Ducal Park - Palazzo Ducale - Regio Theater
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Places to see in ( Mantova - Italy )
Places to see in ( Mantova - Italy )
Mantua is a city surrounded by 3 artificial lakes in the northern Italian region of Lombardy. It's known for the architectural legacy of the Renaissance Gonzaga rulers, who built the Ducal Palace. This imposing building houses the Bridal Chamber, decorated with Andrea Mantegna frescoes. The Gonzagas also built the Te Palace, known for the Chamber of the Giants, where every surface is painted with mythological scenes.
Mantova - or Mantua in Emilian dialect - in Lombardy is famous for its artistic and cultural heritage and, under the rule of the Gonzaga family, had one of the most important courts of the Renaissance. In 2008 the city of Mantova became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2005 the Italian environmental organisation Legambiente named it Italy's most liveable city for quality of life. Surrounded by three artificial lakes created in the twelfth century, Mantova is a city still full of Renaissance splendour where visitors can also enjoy the tranquility of the lakes or a walk or cycle ride along the banks of the River Mincio.
The Gonzaga Renaissance Tapestries is at three locations: the Palazzo Te, the Museo Diocesano Francesco Gonzaga and the Museo di Palazzo Ducale and brings together 34 tapestries collected by the three sons of Francesco 11 Gonzaga [1466-1519] and Isabella D’Este [1474-1539]. During the time of Federico II Gonzaga, the first Duke, his brothers Ercole, a cardinal and Ferrante, an army commander and later Governor of Milan, the ownership of tapestries was becoming a symbol of wealth and power. The brothers collected hundreds of tapestries from Flanders or that were worked by Flemish weavers in Italy. Often the tapestries were copied from paintings of the time.
After the brothers’ deaths many of the tapestries were destroyed, dispersed or acquired by other noble Italian families and only 52 have come down to us today. Art historian Guy Demarcel has studied all these works and is the curator of the Mantua exhibition. Some of the tapestries are on loan from other European museums. 18 of the tapestries are on permanent exhibition at the Palazzo Te.
Visit the Cathedral, most of which was built between 1395 -1401 but the Baroque façade dates from the eighteenth century. Admire the Piazza Sordello while you’re there. Visit the Rotonda di San Lorenzo, the city’s oldest church, built in the late eleventh century. After all that culture, you’ll some sustenance, so why not head for one of the cafés in the Piazza delle Erbe and order luccio in salsa [pike in green sauce] or tortellini with zucca
Want to get away from it all? Take a boat tour on the Lago di Mezzo or the Lago Inferiore. In this photo: view of Mantova from the Lago di Mezzo - by Pietro Liberati. Or hire a bike and ride along the Mantova Lake Trail or, if you’re feeling adventurous, take the Mantova to Peschiera Bike Path.
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Arcades of Bologna, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, Europe
The portico of St. Luke, with its 3,796 meters long, seems to be the longest porch in the world. The arcades of Bologna are an important architectural and cultural heritage for the city and are a symbol along with numerous towers. There is not another city in the world that has as many porches Bologna: all together arcades measured in length more than 38 km just in the historical center, reaching 53 km counting those outside the city. Because of their artistic and cultural significance, the arcades of Bologna are a cultural Italian candidate as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The porches were born in the late Middle Ages to stand up to the strong increase of the population, mainly due to the arrival of students and scholars at the University of Bologna, but also the migration from the countryside. The need to increase the living spaces led at first to increase airspace extending the upper floors of the houses with the creation of the jetties in the wood supported by the extension of the supporting beams of the floor and - in case of strong projection - from shelves called Beccadelli . By the time the jetties increased in size, and it was necessary to build support columns from the bottom because it collapsed, and was thus created the arcades. Born in an almost spontaneous, the arcades were offering shelter from the weather and sun, allowing you to travel the roads in all weather conditions. Furthermore, were also a means for the expansion of commercial activities and crafts, and made it better habitable ground floors, isolating them from dirt and sewage in the streets. The massive expansion of the arcades occurred since 1288, when a notice of the City stated that all new homes must be built with the porch, while the existing ones that were lacking were required to add, to the owner leaving the burden of maintenance, but ensuring the City public use of the soil. The notice specified that these had to be at least seven feet tall Bolognese (2.66 meters) wide and equally, to allow the transit of a man on horseback. These guidelines, however, were not observed in the poorest areas, where the arcades were built with much lower heights. The statutes of 1352 imposed a height and a depth of 10 feet (3.60 meters) for new buildings. In principle the arcades were made of wood, then, following a decree issued March 26, 1568 by the papal governor Msgr. Giovanni Battista Doria and Gonfaloniere Camillo Paleotti, were converted brick or stone. Despite that still survive in the city some buildings with wooden porch, some dating back to medieval times, other restored at the beginning of the twentieth century. In the second half of the sixteenth century appeared some of the most important-arcades loggia of Bologna: the porch supports and hides the church of St. Bartholomew and St. Gaetano in the street Major, by Andrea da Formigine, the loggia of the Palazzo del Monte in via Galliera. Some noble families of the city, however, wanted to stand out and follow the so-called Roman fashion and therefore asked the pantry to avoid building their homes with porch. This is why in Bologna Renaissance palaces were built without porch, such as palaces Davia-Bargellini, Fantuzzi, Bevilacqua, Bentivoglio. A famous example is House Islanders in Strada Maggiore. The portico, supported by high wooden beams (about 9 meters) was built around 1250. It is one of the few surviving examples of civil construction Bolognese thirteenth century and is Romanesque - Gothic. The beams are oak and support the projection of the third floor of the building. Other examples of medieval wooden porches are those of the house and the houses opposite Grassi in via Marsala, home Azzoguidi in via San Niccolò and home Ramponesi Via del Carro. The Renaissance leaves Bologna various examples of architecture of the time, such as the side porch of the church of San Giacomo Maggiore in via Zamboni, the palace Bolognini-Islanders and houses Beccadelli in Piazza Santo Stefano, the arches decorated with floral palace Podesta and the high porch of Bastardini in via D'Azeglio, so called because it was located under his times, until 1797, the orphanage in the city.
Parma Italy tour
Parma, in northern Italy, is famous for its art, architecture, and culinary specialties, but is somewhat off the radar of the millions of tourists who come to Italy every year. Parma is an elegant city with a compact historic zone and its Romanesque cathedral and 12th-century Baptistery are stunning. If you're touring northern Italy, Parma is certainly worth a day, or two or three days, of your time.
Parma Location & Transportation
Parma is in the Emilia Romagna Region between the Po River and the Apennine Mountains, south of Milan and north of Florence. Major cities nearby include Modena, Bologna, Reggio Emilia, and Piacenza.
Parma is on the train line from Milan to Ancona. There are also a few daily direct trains to and from Rome, otherwise, you can change trains in Bologna to reach Parma. By car, Parma is reached from the A1 Autostrada. There is also a small airport. Parts of Parma, including the historic center, have traffic restrictions but there are pay parking lots nearby. There are also free parking lots outside the city, connected to the city by a shuttle bus. Parma is served by a good network of public buses, both in the city and to outlying areas.
What to See in Parma
The tourist office is in the town hall, or comune, at Piazza Garibaldi 1.
Parma's Cathedral is a great example of Romanesque architecture. The Cathedral was completed in the 12th century and has an octagonal dome unusual for that time period. Lions guard the porch and the bell tower is topped by a gilt copper angel. The inside is heavily decorated with beautiful frescoes, including the astounding cupola, painted by Renaissance master Correggio.
The Baptistery, dating from the 12th century, is built of pink marble in an octagonal shape. Construction began in 1196 and was completed in 1307. The low part is decorated with bas-relief sculptures and the doors are all elaborately decorated. Inside are sculptures depicting the months, seasons, and Zodiac signs.
The Diocesan Museum displays items from the Middle Ages.
The National Gallery (Galleria Nazionale), housed in the massive Palazzo della Pilotta complex, has artwork from the 12th to 18th centuries. The Palazzo also houses the historic Farnese Theatre, an archaeological museum, a printing museum and a library of rare and ancient books.
In front of the Palazzo della Pilotta, the huge Piazza della Pace has an open lawn, a monument to WWII partisans and one to Giuseppe Verdi, and the footprint of a church — now defined by trees — of a church that was destroyed during wartime bombings.
The Palazzo del Governatore, Governor's Palace, in Piazza Garibaldi, has a beautiful facade that dates from 1760. The bell tower has a fascinating astronomical clock.
The Ducal Park, dating to the 16th century, is a nice place for a stroll and a visit to the Ducal Palace with its outstanding frescoes.
Parma has a number of cultural events including theater, music, and opera. Teatro Reggio di Parma is a beautiful, neoclassical theater with a schedule of concerts and opera.
Parma is a great shopping city, its main streets lined with name-brand and one-of-a-kind designer clothing stores, shoe stores and jewelers. There are many shops selling traditional Parma food specialties. Strada della Repubblica and Strada Cavour are both elegant shopping streets, with plenty of bars, gelaterias, and restaurants with outdoor seating for people-watching.
Food Specialties in Parma
Wonderful ingredients come from the Parma region, including Parma ham called Prosciutto di Parma and the famous cheese called Parmigiano Reggiano. Parma has good pasta dishes, food markets, wine bars, and many excellent restaurants. Plenty of tour providers offer food-focused half-day, daylong or multi-day tours of Parma and its surrounding farms.
Where to Stay in Parma
Parma's centro storico (historic center) is compact and flat, so anywhere you stay in town, you'll be within walking distance of the major sights. Hotel Torino is a well-run three-star property with a modern annex, set right off Strada Cavour. Park Hotel Pacchiosi is a five-star just outside of the center and is about a 15-minute walk to Piazza Garibaldi. There is also a cluster of affordable hotels near the train station, itself just a 20-minute walk to Parma Cathedral.
Near Parma - Castles, Villas, and Mountains
Between the Po River and the Appennino mountain range south of Parma lie a series of wonderfully preserved castles from the 14th and 15th centuries, well worth exploring if you're traveling by car. There are also some villas open to the public. The nearby Apennine Mountains provide lots of opportunity for hiking, outdoor activities, and beautiful landscapes.
Castle Estense, Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, Europe
The Castello Estense or castello di San Michele is a moated medieval castle in the center of Ferrara, northern Italy. It is a large block with four corner towers. On 3 May 1385, the Ferrarese people, driven to desperation by taxes and flooding that had brought ruin upon them, took themselves to the Marquis Niccolò II d'Este’s palace to ask the advice of Tommaso da Tortona, the high official held to be responsible for this grave situation. Nicolò tried to calm the revolt all day, but by the evening it was clear that the people's spirits were getting more and more angry and that the very safety of the Estensi was endangered. The order was therefore given to summon the disgraced Tommaso, who was given confession and communion and then given to the crowd, who literally tore him to pieces. This episode, which resulted later in the death of the leaders of the revolt, convinced the Marquis that the family’s palace (which is now the Palazzo Comunale) was insufficient to guarantee the security of the nobility in the event of riots. He therefore ordered the construction of a defensive fortress on the north side of the Palazzo, entrusting the project to the architect Bartolino da Novara. He used a pre-existing tower (the Torre dei Leoni), which was part of the defensive walls, at that period very much to the south of the present ones, running, roughly speaking, along the line of the present Corso Giovecca and Viale Cavour. The tower was joined by curtain walls to another three newly built for this project. Between the Este residence and the new fortress was built an aerial passageway (perhaps in wood) to allow people to flee from one to the other. As the city grew the city walls were moved, so the defensive function of the castle became less important and apartments began to be built in its interior, which was by now considered an annex to the court palace. From the time of Ercole I d'Este on, there are many records of construction of apartments, and of their enlargement and enhancement. The definitive transformation works were ordered by Ercole II after a fire in 1544, which had damaged the previous accommodation. The architect Girolamo da Carpi gave the castle the external appearance which can be still seen today, although the interior has been remodelled several times across the ages. After the departure of the Este to Modena, the castle became the residence of the Papal Legate who administered the Ferrarese territory as civil governor (for a maximum term of four years). There were few changes made to the structure of the building, the most obvious being the increase in height of the north ravelin (the room which currently houses the cafeteria). In 1860 Ferrara was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. The castle, now state-owned, was bought for 70,000 liras in 1874 by the Province of Ferrara that utilized the structure as headquarters of the Prefecture. Over the years the Castle underwent many small restoration projects, especially between 1910 and 1930, when some very questionable attempts were done. During World War II the castle was heavy damaged by aerial bombing, so it was partially reconstructed in 1946. In 1999 under the initiative of the provincial administration, it started The Castle for the City project, that scheduled a massive restoration of the castle. The itinerary of the restoration of the castle has gone through important steps to remember: the exhibition The Triumph of Bacchus inaugurated in 2002 by the President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi and the art exposition The Este in Ferrara opened on 14 March 2004 by the President of the European Commission Romano Prodi. In 2006 the whole project of restoration of the Castle was concluded with two significant events: the completion of the touristic tour designed by Gae Aulenti and the restoration and opening of the Cabinets of Alfonso d'Este. One of the towers was damaged in the 2012 Northern Italy earthquake. On the outside, the castle essentially presents the appearance given to it by Girolamo da Carpi in the second half of the 16th century. Surrounded by a moat, it has three entrances with drawbridges fronted by brickwork ravelins. The fourth entrance, to the east, was sacrificed to make room for the kitchens. At the bottom, the appearance of the building still recalls a mediaeval fortress, but higher up, da Carpi replaced the battlements with elegant balconies in white stone (resting on series of corbels), making it higher again by constructing a higher storey, covered by a skew roof.
Rotary Club of Amman West - Mecca to Rome Cycle Tour
In April 2011, a group of cyclists from various Rotary clubs including the Netherland, Germany, Turkey and Jordan in addition to cyclists from Saudi Arabia, carrying two letters of Peace and Goodwill will try to cycle from Mecca to Rome via Jordan. The letters of Peace from His Royal Highness Prince Khalid Al-Faisal bin Abdel Aziz Al-Saud, Amir of Mecca and His Royal Highness Prince Al Hassan bin Talal of Jordan come as a response to letters received from the Vatican in 2009 when the cyclists conducted the Cycle Tour, Rome to Mecca which was a successful and unique experience.
Loveland Opera Theatre Flash Mob at 25th Anniversary Colorado Governor's Art Show
Loveland Opera Theatre performs a Flash Mob of The Brindisi from Verdi's La Traviata at the Governor's Art Show in Loveland CO. Featuring Soprano Phoenix Gayles as Violetta, and Tenor Nathan Snyder as Alfredo.
Francesco Casta in Parma 009.mp4
Saturday the 25th, October 2008 h.10:40 Giuseppe Garibaldi square, Parma, Italy.
Questa piazza si trova lungo l'antica via Emilia, strada romana che ancor oggi congiunge Rimini a Milano, passando per Cesena, Forlì, Faenza, Imola, Bologna, Modena, Reggio, Parma e Piacenza.
In questa piazza, centro della città, troviamo il monumento dedicato all'eroe Giuseppe Garibaldi, il palazzo del Governatore (1760) con la torre dell'orologio e il palazzo del municipio (1673), con porticati. Alla destra di quest'ultimo si trova un edificio duecentesco che era il palazzo del capitano del popolo.
This plaza is found along the ancient Emilia street, roman road that connects today still Rimini to Milano, passing for Cesena, Forlì, Faenza, Imola, Bologna, Modena, Reggio, Parma and Piacenza.
In this plaza, center of the city, you find the monument devoted to the hero Giuseppe Garibaldi, the building of the Governor (1760) with the tower of the clock and the building of the town hall (1673), with parvises. To the right of this last it is found a thirteenth-century building that was the palace of the captain of the people.
House of Savoy | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
House of Savoy
00:00:54 1 History
00:01:27 1.1 Early history
00:02:57 1.2 Expansion, retreat and prosperity
00:05:04 1.3 The Kingdom of Italy
00:07:26 1.4 Controversies
00:08:57 1.5 Fascism and end of monarchy
00:12:47 1.6 House of Savoy today
00:17:39 2 Orders of knighthood
00:19:04 3 List of rulers
00:19:13 3.1 Counts of Savoy
00:19:22 3.2 Dukes of Savoy sup[38]/sup
00:19:30 3.3 Kings of Sicily
00:19:47 3.4 Kings of Sardinia sup[39]/supsup[40]/sup
00:19:56 3.5 Kings of Italy sup[41]/sup
00:20:05 3.6 Emperors of Ethiopia
00:20:22 3.7 Kings of Albania
00:20:39 3.8 Kings of Spain
00:20:56 3.9 World War II Croatia
00:21:26 3.10 Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia
00:21:57 4 Titles of the Crown of Sardinia
00:23:21 5 Titles of the Crown of Italy
00:25:10 6 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The House of Savoy (Italian: Casa Savoia) is a royal family that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, the family grew in power from ruling a small county in the Alps north-west of Italy to absolute rule of the kingdom of Sicily in 1713 to 1720 (exchanged for Sardinia). Through its junior branch, the House of Savoy-Carignano, it led the unification of Italy in 1861 and ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 until 1946 and, briefly, the Kingdom of Spain in the 19th century. The Savoyard kings of Italy were Victor Emmanuel II, Umberto I, Victor Emmanuel III, and Umberto II. The last monarch ruled for a few weeks before being deposed following the Constitutional Referendum of 1946, after which the Italian Republic was proclaimed.
King Juan Carlos Knight of Malta, Farnese Papal Bloodline
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The Papal Bloodlines / The Secret Shadow Hierarchy of The Jesuit Order
House of Farnese
The Farnese family is an influential family in Renaissance Italy. The titles of Duke of Parma and Piacenza and Duke of Castro were held by various members of the family.
Its most important members included Pope Paul III, Alessandro Farnese (a cardinal), Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma (a military commander and Governor of the Spanish Netherlands), and Elisabeth Farnese, who became Queen of Spain and whose legacy was brought to her Bourbon descendants.
List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
Nino brown perform live with akobeghian
Bari city on fire
Δουκίσσης της Πλακεντίας με drone - Palais de Doukissis de Plakentias avec drone
Βιος
Η δούκισσα γεννήθηκε τον Απρίλιο το 1785 στη Φιλαδέλφεια των ΗΠΑ. Ήταν κόρη του επιτετραμμένου Γάλλου διπλωμάτη Φραγκίσκου Μπαρμπέ ντε Μαρμπουά και της Αμερικανίδας Ελίζαμπεθ Μουρ, κόρης του κυβερνήτη της Πενσιλβάνια. Το 1804 παντρεύτηκε τον στρατηγό Κάρολο Λεμπρέν, υπασπιστή του Ναπολέοντα, ο οποίος ήταν γιος του υπουργού οικονομικών. Ο Κάρολος είχε οριστεί Δούκας της Πιατσέντζα, μικρής πόλης της βόρειας Ιταλίας που είχε κατακτήσει ο Ναπολέων 1796. Μαζί με τη σύζυγό του τη Σοφί απέκτησαν το 1804 μια κόρη, την Ελίζα. Η συμβίωση τους ήταν προβληματική και σύντομα κατέληξαν να ζουν σε διάσταση χωρίς ποτέ να εκδοθεί διαζύγιο. Στο Παρίσι διατηρούσε φιλολογικό σαλόνι στο οποίο σύχναζαν πολλοί διανοούμενοι της εποχής όπως, ο Ντελαβίν, ο Λαμαρτίνος και ο Ουγκώ. Η Σοφί εγκατέλειψε τη Γαλλία και διέμεινε στην Ιταλία, επειδή διαφωνούσε με το σύζυγό της αλλά κι επειδή αντιπαθούσε τους Βουρβόνους οι οποίοι είχαν επανακάμψει μετά την πτώση του Ναπολέοντα.[1]
Η φιλελληνική της δράση Επεξεργασία
Κατά τη διάρκεια της Ελληνικής Επανάστασης, τόσο η ίδια όσο και η κόρη της, διέθεσαν πολλά χρήματα στον αγώνα και διεκρίθησαν για τον φιλελληνισμό τους: συγκεκριμένα έγινε ενεργό μέλος του Φιλελληνικού Κομμιτάτου πουλώντας τα κοσμήματά της και συγκεντρώνοντας το ποσό των δεκατεσσάρων χιλίαδων φράγκων[2], αλλά και προσφέροντας και άλλα εννιά χιλιάδες φράγκα
Bio
The Duchess was born in April 1785 in Philadelphia, USA. She was the daughter of the French diplomat Francis Barbude de Marbuu and American Elizabeth Moore, daughter of the Governor of Pennsylvania. In 1804 he married General Carlo Lembren, a Napoleon assistant, who was the son of the finance minister. Charles was appointed Duke of Piacenza, a small town of northern Italy that Napoleon had conquered in 1796. Together with his wife Sophie they acquired in 1804 a daughter, Elizabeth. Their cohabitation was problematic and they soon ended up living in a dimension without ever divorcing. In Paris he held a literary salon in which many intellectuals of the era, such as Delayin, Lamartinus and Hugo, were frequent. Sophie fled France and stayed in Italy because she disagreed with her husband, but also because she was disliked by the Bourbonians who had recovered after Napoleon's fall. [1]
Its philhellenic action Edit
During the Greek Revolution, both herself and her daughter, made a lot of money in the struggle and distinguished themselves for their philhellenism: in particular she became an active member of the Philhellenic Komitata selling her jewels and bringing together the sum of fourteen thousand francs [2] , but also offering another nine thousand francs
Governor-general | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Governor-general
00:00:25 1 Current uses
00:02:14 2 British colonialism and the governors-general
00:03:33 3 Modern Commonwealth
00:03:42 3.1 Commonwealth realms
00:10:22 3.2 Appointment
00:13:06 3.3 Commonwealth countries with a governor-general
00:13:16 3.4 Other attributes
00:14:24 3.5 Former Commonwealth realms
00:14:44 3.5.1 In Africa
00:16:30 3.5.2 In the Americas
00:16:49 3.5.3 In Asia
00:17:12 3.5.4 In Europe
00:17:30 3.5.5 In Oceania
00:17:46 4 Other colonial and similar usage
00:17:56 4.1 Belgium
00:18:08 4.2 France
00:22:12 4.3 Netherlands
00:22:51 4.4 Portugal
00:24:20 4.5 Philippines
00:24:41 4.5.1 Spain
00:25:06 4.5.2 United States of America
00:25:28 5 Other Western usage
00:25:37 5.1 Greece
00:28:27 5.2 Other
00:30:37 6 Asian counterparts
00:31:54 7 See also
00:34:38 8 Note
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Governor-general (plural governors-general) or governor general (plural governors general), in modern usage, is the title of an office-holder appointed to represent the monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm. Governors-general have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either a monarchy or republic, such as French Indochina.
Papal States
The Papal States were territories in the Italian Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope, from the 700s until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the eighth century until the Italian Peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. At their zenith, they covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio (which includes most of Rome), Marche, Umbria and Romagna, as well as portions of Emilia. These holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy. After 1861 the Papal States, reduced to Lazio, continued to exist until 1870. Between 1870 and 1929 the Pope had no physical territory at all. Eventually Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini solved the crisis between modern Italy and the Vatican, and in 1929 the Vatican City State was granted sovereignty.
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Byzantine | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Byzantine
00:04:02 1 Nomenclature
00:07:23 2 History
00:07:32 2.1 Early history
00:08:24 2.2 Decentralization of power
00:09:45 2.3 Recentralisation
00:12:46 2.4 Loss of the Western Roman Empire
00:14:45 2.5 Justinian dynasty
00:21:48 2.6 Shrinking borders
00:21:56 2.6.1 Early Heraclian dynasty
00:24:27 2.6.2 The First Arab Siege of Constantinople (674–678) and the theme system
00:26:22 2.6.3 Late Heraclian dynasty
00:28:02 2.6.4 The Second Arab Siege of Constantinople (717–718) and the Isaurian dynasty
00:29:40 2.6.5 Religious dispute over iconoclasm
00:30:53 2.7 Macedonian dynasty and resurgence (867–1025)
00:32:05 2.7.1 Wars against the Arabs
00:36:20 2.7.2 Wars against the Bulgarian Empire
00:39:40 2.7.3 Relations with the Kievan Rus'
00:41:38 2.7.4 Campaigns against Georgia
00:45:14 2.7.5 Apex
00:47:10 2.7.6 Split between Orthodox Christianity and Catholicism (1054)
00:48:26 2.8 Crisis and fragmentation
00:52:29 2.9 Komnenian dynasty and the crusaders
00:54:32 2.9.1 Alexios I and the First Crusade
00:57:43 2.9.2 John II, Manuel I and the Second Crusade
01:01:19 2.9.3 12th-century Renaissance
01:03:27 2.10 Decline and disintegration
01:03:36 2.10.1 Angelid dynasty
01:07:04 2.10.2 Fourth Crusade
01:09:04 2.10.3 Crusader sack of Constantinople (1204)
01:10:49 2.11 Fall
01:10:57 2.11.1 Empire in exile
01:12:12 2.11.2 Reconquest of Constantinople
01:13:38 2.11.3 Rise of the Ottomans and fall of Constantinople
01:15:48 2.12 Political aftermath
01:20:30 3 Government and bureaucracy
01:22:19 3.1 Diplomacy
01:24:33 4 Science, medicine and law
01:33:02 5 Culture
01:33:11 5.1 Religion
01:38:04 5.2 The arts
01:38:12 5.2.1 Art and literature
01:40:33 5.2.2 Music
01:43:19 5.3 Cuisine
01:44:47 5.4 Flags and insignia
01:45:30 5.5 Language
01:48:54 5.6 Recreation
01:50:18 6 Economy
01:52:54 7 Legacy
01:55:34 8 See also
01:56:09 9 Annotations
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire simply as the Roman Empire (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων, tr. Basileia Rhōmaiōn; Latin: Imperium Romanum), or Romania (Ῥωμανία), and to themselves as Romans.Several signal events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period of transition during which the Roman Empire's Greek East and Latin West divided. Constantine I (r. 324–337) reorganised the empire, made Constantinople the new capital, and legalised Christianity. Under Theodosius I (r. 379–395), Christianity became the Empire's official state religion and other religious practices were proscribed. Finally, under the reign of Heraclius (r. 610–641), the Empire's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin. Thus, although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was centred on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Orthodox Christianity.The borders of the empire evolved significantly over its existence, as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery. During the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565), the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast, in ...
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Frederick II (26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250; Sicilian: Fridiricu, Fidiricu, Italian: Federico, Latin: Federicus, German: Friedrich) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. His mother Constance was Queen of Sicily and his father was Henry VI of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. Frederick's reign saw the Holy Roman Empire achieve its greatest territorial extent.
His political and cultural ambitions were enormous as he ruled a vast area beginning with Sicily and stretching through Italy all the way north to Germany. As the Crusades progressed, he acquired control of Jerusalem and styled himself its king. However, the Papacy became his enemy, and it eventually prevailed. His dynasty collapsed soon after his death. Historians have searched for superlatives to describe him, as in the case of Donald Detwiler, who wrote: A man of extraordinary culture, energy, and ability – called by a contemporary chronicler stupor mundi (the wonder of the world), by Nietzsche the first European, and by many historians the first modern ruler – Frederick established in Sicily and southern Italy something very much like a modern, centrally governed kingdom with an efficient bureaucracy.
Viewing himself as a direct successor to the Roman emperors of antiquity, he was Emperor of the Romans from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a claimant to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy. At the age of three, he was crowned King of Sicily as a co-ruler with his mother, Constance of Hauteville, the daughter of Roger II of Sicily. His other royal title was King of Jerusalem by virtue of marriage and his connection with the Sixth Crusade.
Frequently at war with the papacy, which was hemmed in between Frederick's lands in northern Italy and his Kingdom of Sicily (the Regno) to the south, he was excommunicated four times and often vilified in pro-papal chronicles of the time and after. Pope Gregory IX went so far as to call him an Antichrist.
Speaking six languages (Latin, Sicilian, Old Germanic, Langues d'oïl, Greek and Arabic), Frederick was an avid patron of science and the arts. He played a major role in promoting literature through the Sicilian School of poetry. His Sicilian royal court in Palermo, beginning around 1220, saw the first use of a literary form of an Italo-Romance language, Sicilian. The poetry that emanated from the school had a significant influence on literature and on what was to become the modern Italian language.He was also the first king to formally outlaw trial by ordeal, which had come to be viewed as superstitious mumbo-jumbo.His line did not survive long after his death and the House of Hohenstaufen came to an end.
Byzantine Empire | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Byzantine Empire
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire simply as the Roman Empire (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων, tr. Basileia Rhōmaiōn; Latin: Imperium Romanum), or Romania (Ῥωμανία), and to themselves as Romans.Several signal events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period of transition during which the Roman Empire's Greek East and Latin West divided. Constantine I (r. 324–337) reorganised the empire, made Constantinople the new capital, and legalised Christianity. Under Theodosius I (r. 379–395), Christianity became the Empire's official state religion and other religious practices were proscribed. Finally, under the reign of Heraclius (r. 610–641), the Empire's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin. Thus, although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was centred on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Orthodox Christianity.The borders of the empire evolved significantly over its existence, as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery. During the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565), the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast, including North Africa, Italy, and Rome itself, which it held for two more centuries. During the reign of Maurice (r. 582–602), the Empire's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised. However, his assassination caused the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, which exhausted the empire's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Early Muslim conquests of the seventh century. In a matter of years the empire lost its richest provinces, Egypt and Syria, to the Arabs. During the Macedonian dynasty (10th–11th centuries), the empire again expanded and experienced the two-century long Macedonian Renaissance, which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia.
The empire recovered again during the Komnenian restoration, such that by the 12th century Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest European city. However, it was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade, when Constantinople was sacked in 1204 and the territories that the empire formerly governed were divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms. Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople in 1261, the Byzantine Empire remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence. Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 14th and 15th century. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Byzantine Empire. The last of the imperial Byzantine successor states, the Empire of Trebizond, would be conquered by the Ottomans eight years later in the 1461 Siege of Trebizond.
War of the Austrian Succession | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
War of the Austrian Succession
00:01:38 1 Background
00:04:23 2 Strategies
00:06:31 3 Silesian Campaign of 1740
00:11:33 4 Allies in Bohemia 1741
00:15:27 5 Campaigns of 1742
00:19:55 6 Campaign of 1743
00:25:49 7 Campaign of 1744
00:36:29 8 Campaign of 1745
00:46:52 9 Italian Campaigns 1741–47
01:00:03 10 The Low Countries; 1745-1748
01:01:52 11 Conclusion of the war
01:04:35 12 General character of the war in Europe
01:06:28 13 North America
01:07:49 14 India
01:10:34 15 Naval operations
01:11:39 15.1 The West Indies
01:15:20 15.2 The Mediterranean
01:17:43 15.3 Northern waters
01:21:09 15.4 The Indian Ocean
01:22:29 16 Strength of armies 1740
01:22:40 17 Related wars
01:23:42 18 Gallery
01:23:50 19 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The War of the Austrian Succession (German: Österreichischer Erbfolgekrieg, 1740–1748) involved most of the powers of Europe over the issue of Archduchess Maria Theresa's succession to the Habsburg Monarchy. The war included peripheral events such as King George's War in British America, the War of Jenkins' Ear (which formally began on 23 October 1739), the First Carnatic War in India, the Jacobite rising of 1745 in Scotland, and the First and Second Silesian Wars.
The cause of the war was Maria Theresa' alleged ineligibility to succeed to her father Charles VI's various crowns, because Salic law precluded royal inheritance by a woman. This was to be the key justification for France and Prussia, joined by Bavaria, to challenge Habsburg power. Maria Theresa was supported by Britain, the Dutch Republic, Sardinia and Saxony.
Spain, which had been at war with Britain over colonies and trade since 1739, entered the war on the Continent to re-establish its influence in northern Italy, further reversing Austrian dominance over the Italian peninsula that had been achieved at Spain's expense as a consequence of Spain's war of succession earlier in the 18th century.
The war ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, by which Maria Theresa was confirmed as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, but Prussia retained control of Silesia. The peace was soon to be shattered, however, when Austria's desire to recapture Silesia intertwined with the political upheaval in Europe, culminating in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763).