Estonia in World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:52 1 Preface
00:03:09 1.1 Kellogg-Briand Pact
00:03:32 1.2 Non-aggression treaty
00:03:46 1.3 The Convention for the Definition of Aggression
00:04:35 1.4 Declaration of neutrality
00:05:27 1.5 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
00:06:37 2 The beginning of World War II
00:10:39 3 Soviet occupation
00:17:53 3.1 Soviet terror
00:20:55 3.2 Soviet repression of ethnic Russians
00:21:46 3.3 Historical Soviet sources
00:25:30 4 Summer War
00:30:05 4.1 Damages
00:32:49 5 German occupation
00:36:52 5.1 The Holocaust
00:41:02 6 Estonian military units in 1941–1943
00:41:16 6.1 Estonian units in German forces
00:44:18 6.2 Estonian Rifle Corps in the Red Army
00:46:11 7 Battles in 1944
00:48:14 7.1 Formation of bridgeheads in Narva
00:50:00 7.2 Narva Offensives, February and March
00:54:15 7.3 Sinimäed Hills
00:56:39 7.4 Southeastern Estonia
00:59:15 7.5 Baltic Offensive
01:01:57 8 Attempt to restore independence
01:03:40 9 Soviet return
01:07:39 10 Controversies
01:07:53 10.1 The position of the European Court of Human Rights
01:09:44 10.2 The position of the Estonian government
01:10:48 10.3 The position of the Russian government
01:11:48 10.4 Positions of the veterans
01:13:09 11 Notes
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Speaking Rate: 0.8758266150043176
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Before the outbreak of the Second World War, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, concerning the partition and disposition of sovereign states, including Estonia, and in particular its Secret Additional Protocol of August 1939.The Republic of Estonia declared neutrality in the war but fell under the Soviet sphere of influence due to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. Mass political arrests, deportations, and executions followed. In the Summer War during the German Operation Barbarossa in 1941, the pro-independence Forest Brothers captured South Estonia from the NKVD and the 8th Army before the arrival of the German 18th Army. At the same time, Soviet paramilitary destruction battalions carried out punitive operations, including looting and killing, based on the tactics of scorched earth proclaimed by Joseph Stalin. Estonia was occupied by Germany and incorporated into Reichskommissariat Ostland.
In 1941, Estonians were conscripted into the 8th Estonian Rifle Corps and in 1941–1944 to the Nazi German forces. Men who avoided these mobilisations fled to Finland to be formed into the Finnish Infantry Regiment 200. About 40% of the Estonian pre-war fleet was requisitioned by British authorities and used in Atlantic convoys. Approximately 1000 Estonian sailors served in the British Merchant Navy, 200 of them as officers. A small number of Estonians served in the Royal Air Force, in the British Army and in the U.S. Army.From February to September 1944, the German army detachment Narwa held back the Soviet Estonian Operation. After breaching the defence of II Army Corps across the Emajõgi river and clashing with the pro-independence Estonian troops, Soviet forces reoccupied mainland Estonia in September 1944. After the war, Estonia remained incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR until 1991, although the Atlantic Charter stated that no territorial arrangements would be made.
World War II losses in Estonia, estimated at around 25% of the population, were among the highest proportion in Europe. War and occupation deaths listed in the current reports total at 81,000. These include deaths in Soviet deportations in 1941, Soviet executions, German deportations, and victims of the Holocaust in Estonia.
German occupation of Estonia during World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:54 1 Occupation
00:06:29 2 Political resistance
00:08:29 3 Estonians in Nazi German military units
00:16:36 4 German administrators
00:17:08 4.1 Generalkommissar
00:17:27 4.2 S.S. und Polizeiführer
00:18:02 4.3 Lagerkommandant
00:18:23 5 Collaboration
00:18:32 5.1 Estonian Self-Administration
00:19:23 5.1.1 Directors
00:20:04 5.2 Holocaust
00:24:35 5.3 Estonian military units' involvement in crimes against humanity
00:25:42 6 Controversies
00:28:05 7 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.9663017084802362
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
After Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, Army Group North reached Estonia in July. Initially the Germans were perceived by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its repressions, having arrived only a week after the first mass deportations from the Baltic States. Although hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realized that they were but another occupying power. The Germans pillaged the country for their war effort and unleashed The Holocaust in Estonia during which they and their collaborators murdered tens of thousands of people (including ethnic Estonians, Estonian Jews, Estonian Gypsies, Estonian Russians, Soviet prisoners of war, Jews from other countries and others). For the duration of the occupation, Estonia was incorporated into the German province of Ostland.