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New York metropolitan area | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
New York metropolitan area
00:03:23 1 Definitions
00:03:32 1.1 Metropolitan Statistical Area
00:06:50 1.2 Combined statistical area
00:09:06 2 Geography
00:10:45 2.1 Subregions
00:10:53 2.1.1 New York City
00:12:06 2.1.2 Long Island
00:16:39 2.1.3 Northern New Jersey
00:18:07 2.1.4 Central New Jersey
00:18:52 2.1.5 Lower Hudson Valley
00:20:22 2.1.6 Mid-Hudson Valley
00:21:34 2.1.7 Western Connecticut
00:22:15 2.1.8 Monroe and Pike Counties, Pennsylvania
00:23:20 2.1.9 Lehigh Valley
00:24:51 2.2 Urban areas of the region
00:25:07 2.3 Main cities
00:28:30 2.4 Climate
00:32:02 3 History
00:39:15 3.1 Statistical history
00:43:28 4 Demographics
00:43:37 4.1 2010 Census
00:46:53 4.2 Population estimates
00:53:55 4.3 Religion
00:54:11 5 Economy
00:55:19 5.1 Wall Street
00:57:43 5.2 Silicon Alley
01:00:35 5.3 Port of New York and New Jersey
01:02:01 5.4 Water purity and availability
01:03:22 6 Education
01:04:53 6.1 Attainment
01:05:58 7 Transportation
01:06:43 7.1 Rail
01:07:01 7.1.1 New York City Subway
01:07:52 7.1.2 PATH
01:08:44 7.1.3 Commuter rail
01:11:18 7.2 Major highways
01:11:29 7.2.1 Interstates
01:12:19 7.2.2 U.S. Routes
01:12:45 7.2.3 State Routes
01:13:30 7.2.4 Other limited-access roads
01:14:33 7.2.5 Named bridges and tunnels
01:19:19 7.3 Commuter bus
01:19:52 7.4 Major airports
01:20:26 7.5 Commuter usage
01:21:13 8 Culture and contemporary life
01:22:06 8.1 Sports teams
01:27:36 8.2 Media
01:29:26 8.3 Theme parks
01:29:34 8.3.1 In New Jersey
01:29:42 8.3.2 In New York State
01:30:10 8.3.3 In Pennsylvania
01:30:31 9 Area codes
01:30:44 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The New York metropolitan area, also referred to as the Tri-State Area, is the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass, at 4,495 sq mi (11,640 km2). The metropolitan area includes New York City (the most populous city in the United States), Long Island, and the Mid and Lower Hudson Valley in the state of New York; the five largest cities in New Jersey: Newark, Jersey City, Paterson, Elizabeth, and Edison, and their vicinities; six of the seven largest cities in Connecticut: Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, and Danbury, and their vicinities.
The New York metropolitan area remains, by a significant margin, the most populous in the United States, as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area (20.3 million residents in 2017) and the Combined Statistical Area (23.7 million residents in 2016). It is the largest urban agglomeration in the Americas and the tenth largest in the world. The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States, with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi (17,405 km2), while the CSA area is 13,318 sq mi (34,493 km2), encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. The New York metropolitan area's population is larger than that of the state of New York, and the metropolitan airspace accommodated over 130 million passengers in 2016.As a center of many industries, including finance, international trade, new and traditional media, real estate, education, fashion, entertainment, tourism, biotechnology, law, and manufacturing, the New York City metropolitan region is one of the most important economic regions in the world; in 2015, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of nearly US$1.60 trillion, while in 2015, the CSA had a GMP of over US$1.83 trillion, both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the GDP of only nine nations and seven nations, respectively. In 2012, the New York metropolitan area was also home to seven of the 25 wealthiest counties in the United States by median household income, according to the American Community Survey. According to Forbes, in 2014, the New York City metropolitan area was home to eight of the top ten ZIP codes in the United States by median housing price, with six in ...
Bells 'ring out' on a Sunday - Church Of The Holy Nativity
Church Of The Holy Nativity:
A Parish Church of the Holy Nativity, Knowle in Bristol. They are a Church of England Parish of a modern Catholic tradition in the Diocese of Bristol. Inside Holy Nativity, you’ll find daily worship, a welcoming, supportive community, and space for personal prayer and reflection. Their mission is to seek to be 'open to God, open to each other, open to the community.'
With its distinctive green copper spire, the parish church of the Holy Nativity is visible from many places in Bristol. Just 15 minutes walk from Bristol Temple Meads railway station and located on the A37 Wells Road, the beautiful church of the Holy Nativity, Knowle was first consecrated in 1883 to serve the growing population of Knowle and Totterdown. This church was to replace the Chapel of the Holy Nativity, a plain structure of wood, that had been built previously in July 1865. During the first heavy Blitz on Bristol of the Second World War, the original church building was badly damaged. Rebuilding of the church was completed in 1958. Work was then undertaken in 2004 to completely redecorate the church. As part of this work, talented local artist Mike Long completed the stunning apse mural. They recently celebrated 150 years of Christian witness at Holy Nativity, Knowle.
Bristol:
Bristol is a city and county[4] in South West England with a population of 456,000.[5] The wider district has the 10th-largest population in England.[6] The urban area population of 724,000 is the 8th-largest in the UK.[2] The city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively.
Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon, and around the beginning of the 11th century the settlement was known as Brycgstow (Old English the place at the bridge). Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373, when it became a county of itself. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities after London in tax receipts. Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool in the Industrial Revolution.
Bristol was a starting place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, became the first European since the Vikings to land on mainland North America. In 1499 William Weston, a Bristol merchant, was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, more than 2,000 slave ships carried an estimated 500,000 people from Africa to slavery in the Americas. The Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock.
Bristol's modern economy is built on the creative media, electronics and aerospace industries, and the city-centre docks have been redeveloped as centres of heritage and culture. The city has the largest circulating community currency in the U.K.—the Bristol pound, which is pegged to the Pound sterling. The city has two universities, the University of Bristol and the University of the West of England, and a variety of artistic and sporting organisations and venues including the Royal West of England Academy, the Arnolfini, Spike Island, Ashton Gate and the Memorial Stadium. It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road and rail, and to the world by sea and air: road, by the M5 and M4 (which connect to the city centre by the Portway and M32); rail, via Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations; and Bristol Airport.
USA:
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.[fn 6] At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km2) and with over 325 million people, the United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area[fn 7] and the third-most populous country. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous and in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries.[19]
The Letter - The Box Tops
I think this song belongs to the best songs of the sixties!
The Letter gives me so much positivity and energy.
Really like to listen to this.
So, if you need some inspiration, tune in! ;)
Have fun and enjoy!
Lyrics:
Gimme a ticket for an aeroplane
Ain't got time to take a fast train
Lonely days are gone
I'm a-goin' home
My baby just a-wrote me a letter
I don't care how much money I gotta spend
Got to get back to my baby again
Lonely days are gone
I'm a-goin' home
My baby just a-wrote me a letter
Well, she wrote me a letter
Said she couldn't live without me no more
Listen mister, can't you see
I got to get back to my baby once more?
Anyway, yeah
Gimme a ticket for an aeroplane
Ain't got time to take a fast train
Lonely days are gone
I'm a-goin' home
My baby just a-wrote me a letter
Well, she wrote me a letter
Said she couldn't live without me no more
Listen mister, can't you see
I got to get back to my baby once more?
Anyway, yeah
Gimme a ticket for an aeroplane
Ain't got time to take a fast train
Lonely days are gone
I'm a-goin' home
My baby just a-wrote me a letter
My baby just a-wrote me a letter
The Letter is a song written by Wayne Carson that was first recorded by the American rock band The Box Tops in 1967. It was sung in a gruff blue-eyed soul style by Alex Chilton. The song was the group's first and biggest record chart hit, reaching number one in the United States and Canada. It was also an international success and reached the top ten in several other countries.
The Letter launched Chilton's career and inspired numerous cover versions. English rock and soul singer Joe Cocker's 1970 rendition became his first top ten single in the U.S.; several other artists have recorded versions of the song which also reached the record charts.
Rolling Stone magazine included the Box Tops original at number 372 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time; the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame added it to the list of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll. In 2011, the single was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.
Wayne Carson wrote The Letter, built on an opening line suggested by his father: Give me a ticket for an aeroplane. Carson included the song on a demo tape he gave to Chips Moman, owner of American Sound Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. When studio associate Dan Penn was looking for an opportunity to produce more songs, Moman suggested a local group, the DeVilles, who had a new lead singer, sixteen year-old Alex Chilton. The other four members of the group that played on the session were Danny Smythe on drums, Richard Malone on guitar, John Evans on organ, and Russ Caccamisi on bass.[6] Penn gave the group Carson's demo tape for some songs to work up.[5] With little or no rehearsal, the group arrived at American Sound to record The Letter. Chilton recalled:
We set up and started running the tune down ... [Dan] adjusted a few things on the organ sound, told the drummer not to do anything at all except the basic rhythm that was called for. No rolls, no nothin'. The bass player was playing pretty hot stuff, so he didn't mess with what the bass player was doing.
Penn added: The guitar player had the lick right—we copied Wayne's demo. Then I asked the keyboard player to play an 'I'm a Believer' type of thing. Chilton sang the vocal live while the group was performing; Penn noted: I coached him [Chilton] a little ... told him to say 'aer-o-plane,' told him to get a little gruff, and I didn't have to say anything else to him, he was hookin 'em, a natural singer. He later explained, [Chilton] picked it up exactly as I had in mind, maybe even better. I hadn't even paid any attention to how good he sang because I was busy trying to put the band together ... I had a bunch of greenhorns who'd never cut a record, including me.
About thirty takes were required for the basic track. Then Penn had Mike Leach prepare a string and horn arrangement for the song to give it a fuller sound. Leach recalled: My very first string arrangement was 'The Letter', and the only reason I did that was because I knew how to write music notation ... Nobody else in the group did or I'm sure someone else would have gotten the call. Penn also overdubbed the sound of an airplane taking off to the track from a special effects record that had been checked out from the local library. He explained:
That was a big part of the record ... When I finished it up, I played it for Chips [Moman], and he said, That's a pretty good little rock & roll record, but you've got to take that airplane off it. I said, If the record's going out, it's going out with the airplane on it. He said, Okay, it's your record.
The DeVilles were renamed the Box Tops and The Letter, at only 1 minute, 58 seconds, was released by Mala Records, a subsidiary of Bell Records.
#TheLetter #TheBoxTops #GoodMusic
New York Institute of Technology | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:17 1 History
00:01:26 1.1 Foundation and vision
00:03:51 1.2 Distinction through technology
00:06:00 1.3 The 21st century
00:08:51 1.3.1 Strategic plan
00:11:56 2 Campuses
00:12:05 2.1 Old Westbury
00:15:36 2.2 Manhattan
00:19:19 2.3 Central Islip
00:20:16 2.4 Jonesboro, Arkansas
00:21:39 2.5 Other facilities
00:22:33 2.6 Global campuses
00:22:48 2.6.1 United Arab Emirates
00:23:39 2.6.2 China
00:23:47 2.6.2.1 Nanjing
00:24:45 2.6.2.2 Beijing
00:26:23 2.6.2.3 Sites
00:26:37 2.6.3 Canada
00:26:53 2.6.4 Bahrain (closed)
00:27:13 2.6.5 Jordan (closed)
00:27:32 3 Organization and administration
00:27:58 3.1 Schools and Colleges
00:28:47 4 Academics
00:30:15 4.1 Core curriculum
00:30:40 4.2 Demographics
00:31:05 4.3 Libraries
00:31:51 4.4 Rankings
00:34:27 4.5 Study abroad
00:35:02 4.6 Admissions
00:37:22 4.7 Accreditation
00:37:31 4.7.1 Overall accreditation and charter
00:37:53 4.7.2 Academic program accreditations
00:39:19 4.7.3 Campus-specific accreditations, licensures, and approvals
00:39:54 4.8 Research
00:45:34 4.8.1 Interdisciplinary graduate centers
00:47:23 4.8.2 Research areas
00:48:13 4.8.3 Industry connections
00:49:37 5 Student life
00:49:46 5.1 Traditions
00:50:20 5.2 Housing
00:50:41 5.3 Student government
00:51:18 5.4 Student media
00:51:26 5.4.1 iLI News Tonight/i
00:52:03 5.4.2 Globesville
00:52:33 5.4.3 Campus newspapers
00:53:13 5.4.4 iNYIT Magazine/i
00:53:42 5.4.5 WNYT
00:54:30 5.5 Greek life
00:54:38 5.5.1 Fraternities
00:55:07 5.5.2 Sororities
00:55:25 5.5.3 Coed
00:55:35 5.6 Dining services
00:56:06 5.7 ROTC
00:56:24 6 Athletics
00:56:33 6.1 Old Westbury
00:58:02 6.2 Manhattan recreational sports
00:58:37 7 Notable people
00:58:47 7.1 Alumni
01:03:47 7.2 Faculty
01:03:55 7.3 Athletic coaches
01:04:10 7.4 Presidents and provosts
01:04:19 7.5 Benefactors
01:05:08 7.6 Honorary degree recipients
01:06:09 7.7 Commencement speakers
01:06:28 8 In popular culture
01:06:49 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9655220562459039
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
New York Institute of Technology (also known as NYIT) is a private, independent, nonprofit, non-sectarian, coeducational research university founded in 1955.
The university has two New York campuses: one in Old Westbury, Nassau County, Long Island, and one near Columbus Circle in Manhattan. Additionally, it has a cybersecurity research center in Port Washington, New York, as well as campuses in Arkansas, United Arab Emirates, China and Canada.
NYIT has five schools and two colleges, all with an emphasis on technology and applied scientific research: School of Architecture and Design, School of Interdisciplinary Studies and Education, School of Engineering and Computing Sciences, School of Health Professions, School of Management, College of Arts and Sciences and College of Osteopathic Medicine. NYIT offers about 90 degree programs. NYIT is the birthplace of entirely 3D CGI films.As of 2018, NYIT enrolls 9,930 full-time students across its campuses worldwide. U.S. News & World Report listed NYIT as a selective university and ranked it 32nd in the 2017 edition of Best Regional Universities North Rankings.
Brooklyn | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:25 1 Toponymy
00:03:30 2 History
00:04:20 2.1 Colonial era
00:04:29 2.1.1 Six Dutch towns
00:06:41 2.1.2 Six townships in an English province
00:08:06 2.1.3 Revolutionary War
00:10:12 2.2 Post-colonial era
00:10:21 2.2.1 Urbanization
00:14:26 2.2.2 Civil War
00:15:33 2.2.3 Twin city
00:18:43 2.2.3.1 Mayors of the City of Brooklyn
00:19:15 2.3 New York City borough
00:20:32 3 Geography
00:22:08 3.1 Boroughscape
00:22:16 3.2 Climate
00:23:11 4 Demographics
00:24:06 4.1 2010 Census
00:25:09 4.2 2012 estimates
00:28:09 4.3 Languages
00:30:07 5 Neighborhoods
00:31:06 5.1 Community diversity
00:31:47 5.1.1 Jewish American
00:32:44 5.1.2 Chinese American
00:33:35 5.1.3 Caribbean and African American
00:34:51 5.1.4 Latino American
00:35:57 5.1.5 Russian and Ukrainian American
00:36:39 5.1.6 Polish American
00:37:01 5.1.7 Italian American
00:37:27 5.1.8 Muslim American
00:38:26 5.1.9 Irish American
00:39:17 5.1.10 Greek American
00:39:45 5.1.11 Artists-in-residence
00:40:30 6 Government and politics
00:43:53 6.1 Federal representation
00:46:44 7 Economy
00:50:24 8 Culture
00:50:55 8.1 Cultural venues
00:52:24 8.2 Media
00:52:32 8.2.1 Local periodicals
00:54:03 8.2.2 Ethnic press
00:55:15 8.2.3 Television
00:55:36 8.3 Events
00:56:14 9 Parks and other attractions
00:59:31 9.1 Sports
01:02:44 9.1.1 Recreational Fishing
01:03:20 10 Transportation
01:03:29 10.1 Public transport
01:05:58 10.2 Roadways
01:08:58 10.3 Waterways
01:10:53 11 Education
01:12:00 11.1 Higher education
01:12:09 11.1.1 Public colleges
01:14:47 11.1.2 Private colleges
01:17:05 11.1.3 Community colleges
01:17:22 12 Brooklyn Public Library
01:18:44 13 Partnerships with districts of foreign cities
01:19:19 14 Hospitals and healthcare
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9273058329016688
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Brooklyn () is the most populous borough of New York City, with an estimated 2,648,771 residents in 2017. Named after the Dutch village of Breukelen, it borders the borough of Queens at the western end of Long Island. Brooklyn has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan across the East River, and the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge connects it with Staten Island. Since 1896, Brooklyn has been coterminous with Kings County, the most populous county in the U.S. state of New York and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, after New York County (which is coextensive with the borough of Manhattan).With a land area of 71 square miles (180 km2) and water area of 26 square miles (67 km2), Kings County is New York state's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area, though it is the second-largest among the city's five boroughs. Today, if each borough were ranked as a city, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous in the U.S., after Los Angeles and Chicago.
Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city (and previously an authorized village and town within the provisions of the New York State Constitution) until January 1, 1898, when, after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s, according to the new Municipal Charter of Greater New York, Brooklyn was consolidated with the other cities, boroughs, and counties to form the modern City of New York, surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five constituent boroughs. The borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves. Brooklyn's official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght, which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength.
In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as an avant garde destination for hipsters, with concomitant gentrification, dramatic house price increases, and a decrease in housi ...
HOWARD STERN - WikiVidi Documentary
Howard Allan Stern is an American radio and television personality, producer, author, actor, and photographer. He is best known for his radio show The Howard Stern Show, which gained popularity when it was nationally syndicated on terrestrial radio from 1986 to 2005. Stern has broadcast on Sirius XM Radio since 2006. Stern first wished to be on the radio at five years of age. He landed his first radio jobs while at Boston University. From 1976 to 1982, Stern developed his on-air personality through morning positions at WRNW in Briarcliff Manor, New York, WCCC in Hartford, Connecticut, WWWW in Detroit, Michigan, and WWDC in Washington, D.C. Stern worked afternoons at WNBC in New York City from 1982 until his firing in 1985. In 1985, Stern began a 20-year run at WXRK in New York City; his morning show entered syndication in 1986 and aired in 60 markets and attracted 20 million listeners at its peak. Stern won numerous industry awards, including Billboard’s Nationally Syndicated Air Per...
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Shortcuts to chapters:
00:03:27: Early life
00:08:52: 1976–1981: WRNW, WCCC, and WWWW
00:14:42: 1981–1985: WWDC and WNBC
00:21:49: 1985–1993: WXRK and early television and video projects
00:29:00: 1993–1994: Private Parts and run for Governor of New York
00:35:31: 1995–1997: Miss America and Private Parts film
00:41:28: 1998–2004: Television and film projects
00:48:20: 2004–2010: Signing with Sirius and terrestrial radio departure
00:52:51: 2010–present: Sirius contract renewals and America's Got Talent
00:56:22: FCC fines
____________________________________
Copyright WikiVidi.
Licensed under Creative Commons.
Wikipedia link:
Little Elm ISD Board Meeting, September 18, 2017
Calling All Cars: The 25th Stamp / The Incorrigible Youth / The Big Shot
The radio show Calling All Cars hired LAPD radio dispacher Jesse Rosenquist to be the voice of the dispatcher. Rosenquist was already famous because home radios could tune into early police radio frequencies. As the first police radio dispatcher presented to the public ear, his was the voice that actors went to when called upon for a radio dispatcher role.
The iconic television series Dragnet, with LAPD Detective Joe Friday as the primary character, was the first major media representation of the department. Real LAPD operations inspired Jack Webb to create the series and close cooperation with department officers let him make it as realistic as possible, including authentic police equipment and sound recording on-site at the police station.
Due to Dragnet's popularity, LAPD Chief Parker became, after J. Edgar Hoover, the most well known and respected law enforcement official in the nation. In the 1960s, when the LAPD under Chief Thomas Reddin expanded its community relations division and began efforts to reach out to the African-American community, Dragnet followed suit with more emphasis on internal affairs and community policing than solving crimes, the show's previous mainstay.
Several prominent representations of the LAPD and its officers in television and film include Adam-12, Blue Streak, Blue Thunder, Boomtown, The Closer, Colors, Crash, Columbo, Dark Blue, Die Hard, End of Watch, Heat, Hollywood Homicide, Hunter, Internal Affairs, Jackie Brown, L.A. Confidential, Lakeview Terrace, Law & Order: Los Angeles, Life, Numb3rs, The Shield, Southland, Speed, Street Kings, SWAT, Training Day and the Lethal Weapon, Rush Hour and Terminator film series. The LAPD is also featured in the video games Midnight Club II, Midnight Club: Los Angeles, L.A. Noire and Call of Juarez: The Cartel.
The LAPD has also been the subject of numerous novels. Elizabeth Linington used the department as her backdrop in three different series written under three different names, perhaps the most popular being those novel featuring Det. Lt. Luis Mendoza, who was introduced in the Edgar-nominated Case Pending. Joseph Wambaugh, the son of a Pittsburgh policeman, spent fourteen years in the department, using his background to write novels with authentic fictional depictions of life in the LAPD. Wambaugh also created the Emmy-winning TV anthology series Police Story. Wambaugh was also a major influence on James Ellroy, who wrote several novels about the Department set during the 1940s and 1950s, the most famous of which are probably The Black Dahlia, fictionalizing the LAPD's most famous cold case, and L.A. Confidential, which was made into a film of the same name. Both the novel and the film chronicled mass-murder and corruption inside and outside the force during the Parker era. Critic Roger Ebert indicates that the film's characters (from the 1950s) represent the choices ahead for the LAPD: assisting Hollywood limelight, aggressive policing with relaxed ethics, and a straight arrow approach.