Mexico: Impunity and Profits - Fault Lines
Once known as a booming industrial metropolis and a model of economic progress in Mexico, the border city of Juarez has become infamous as the murder capital of the world.
Thousands of people have been killed there since 2008 when Mexican President Felipe Calderon sent in the army to carry out his offensive against the drug cartels.
The official story is that the Sinaloa and Juarez cartels are fighting for the city and the access it provides to the multi-billion dollar U.S. drug market only a few hundred metres away.
Fault Lines travels to Ciudad Juarez and asks how human life there came to be worth so much less than the drugs being trafficked through it.
For more Fault Lines:
Church report on church being used as sanctuary in drug violence
(13 Nov 2009) SHOTLIST
Mexico State - 12 November 2009
1. Wide of news conference at the Mexican Episcopate Conference
2. Cutaway picture of the Virgin Mary on wall
3. Photographers
4. Wide of news conference
5. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Monsignor Miguel Angel Alba, Bishop of La Paz:
The business of drugs is an idol that seduces and promises well-being and life, but it brings only violence and death. So to all those involved in this dirty business -- to the producers, the traffickers, the vendors and the consumers -- we make a strong call: enough already!
6. Cutaway media
7. Cutaway of cross painted on wall
8. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Monsignor Miguel Angel Alba, Bishop of La Paz:
We make a call to government to truly procure justice, to overcome corruption and impunity and to go after that which strengthens the business of the 'narco', dirty money and illicit complicity.
9. Wide as news conference ends
FILE: Chihuahua State - Recent
10. Various of crime scene after killings outside a grocery store
11. Various from crime scene where a policeman was shot ++NIGHT SHOTS++
STORYLINE
Government officials must do a better job stamping out corruption to stop drug violence, Mexico's Catholic bishops said Thursday.
But clergy also have a role to play in the battle, members of the Mexican Council of Bishops said.
The group is working on a report that bishops say will include concrete steps the church can take.
La Paz Bishop Monsignor Miguel Angel Alba said the bishops were still debating recommendations they had planned to release Thursday, after spending three days discussing violence in a meeting outside Mexico City.
In drafting their strategy, Mexico's bishops have asked for advice from priests in Colombia and Italy who have faced similar threats from organised crime.
Their study also includes information on drug violence from parishes across Mexico.
A statement bishops read to reporters Thursday shied away from specific recommendations, but was clear in its condemnation of anyone who sells, transports or uses drugs.
It described drug trafficking as a dirty business that seduces people by promising well-being, while only bringing violence and death.
To all those involved in this dirty business -- to the producers, the traffickers, the vendors and the consumers -- we make a strong call: enough already, Alba said, reading from the statement.
He said bishops hope to release their report by January 1, World Peace Day.
Since President Felipe Calderon launched his crackdown on drug gangs after taking office in December 2006, violence has surged in Mexico, claiming the lives of nearly 14-thousand people.
Church officials say the violence has taken its toll on parishioners and priests.
Mexico trails behind only Colombia as the most dangerous place for priests in Latin America, with two out of every 10 priests facing serious risks, according to an August study by the bishops' council.
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Orange County, California
Orange County is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,010,232 making it the third-most populous county in California, the sixth-most populous in the United States, and it more populous than twenty-one U.S. states. Its county seat is Santa Ana. It is the second most densely populated county in the state, second only to San Francisco County. The county's three largest cities, Anaheim, Santa Ana, and Irvine, each have populations exceeding 200,000.
Orange County is included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Thirty-four incorporated cities are located in the county; the newest is Aliso Viejo, which was incorporated in 2001. Anaheim was the first city incorporated in 1870, when the region was still part of neighboring Los Angeles County. Whereas most population centers in the United States tend to be identified by a major city, there is no defined urban center in Orange County. It is mostly suburban except for some traditionally urban areas at the centers of the older cities of Anaheim, Fullerton, Huntington Beach, Orange, and Santa Ana. There are several edge city-style developments such as Irvine Business Center, Newport Center, and South Coast Metro.
This video is targeted to blind users.
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Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
El Malpais National Monument | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
El Malpais National Monument
00:00:25 1 Geography and geology
00:01:37 2 Natural history
00:02:00 3 History
00:02:58 4 Features
00:03:47 5 Protection and management
00:04:52 6 In literature
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
El Malpais National Monument is a National Monument located in western New Mexico, in the Southwestern United States. The name El Malpais is from the Spanish term Malpaís, meaning badlands, due to the extremely barren and dramatic volcanic field that covers much of the park's area.
It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.
THE ART OF SELF DEFENSE | Official Trailer
Once you discover THE ART OF SELF DEFENSE, you won’t be the same. Watch the official trailer for “the black comedy that 2019 deserves.” In theaters this July.
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A dark comedy set in the world of karate. The film centers on Casey (Jesse Eisenberg), who is attacked at random on the street and enlists in a local dojo led by a charismatic and mysterious Sensei (Alessandro Nivola), in an effort to learn how to defend himself. What he uncovers is a sinister world of fraternity, violence and hypermasculinity and a woman (Imogen Poots) fighting for her place in it. Casey undertakes a journey, both frightening and darkly funny, that will place him squarely in the sights of his enigmatic new mentor.
Mexico City's assembly votes to legally recognize gay civil unions
SHOTLIST
1. Wide of people outside of Mexican Congress
2. Mid of protesters with signs
3. Various of demonstrators (some in favour, some opposed to the Gay Civil Unions Bill) outside Congress
4. UPSOUND (Spanish) Unidentified speaker:
The left-leaning forces will turn this city into a city of co-existence.
5. Mid of people with rainbow flags supporting bill
6. Mid of sign reading no to discrimination
7. Mid of opponents behind police yelling: we are the majority
8. Close up of sign reading no to the homosexual law
9. Wide of protesters
10. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Maria Cruz Garcia, Opponent of the bill:
We cannot be equal. I am not physically equal to a man and he can't have the same characteristics as me. So, as humans, we are not the same.
11. Pull out of opponents and supporters of bill outside Congress while one person yells: The guy with the moustache (referring to a legislator speaking inside Congress) is also gay.
12. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Unidentified supporter of the bill:
We are second class citizens.
13. Wide of the interior of Congressional floor
14. Mid of people inside Congressional hall
15. Wide of Congress
16. Mid of Congressional leaders
17. Wide of Congress
18. Wide zoom in to supporters of Gay Civil Unions Bill
STORYLINE
Mexico City's Assembly on Thursday voted for the first time in the country's history to legally recognise gay civil unions, a measure that will provide gay couples with numerous social benefits, as well as requiring them to fulfil responsibilities similar to those of married couples.
The legislature approved the measure 43-17, with five abstentions.
Mexico City Mayor Alejandro Encinas was expected to sign the measure into law.
The bill, which does not approve gay marriage, will grant gay couples inheritance and pension rights, among other social benefits, but lawmakers were still hammering out the particulars of the measure on Thursday afternoon.
Outside the building, supporters and opponents of the bill gathered to voice their views.
Supporters held the symbolic rainbow flags and partisan signs from the leftist Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), while opponents held signs stating no to the gay law and chanted in unison saying we are the majority.
We cannot be equal. I am not physically equal to a man and he can't have the same characteristics as me. So, as humans, we are not the same, said bill opponent Maria Cruz Garcia.
All of the bill's opponents were from the conservative National Action Party of President Vicente Fox and President-elect Felipe Calderon. The party is known for its opposition to abortion and its support for traditional families.
We are second class citizens, one of the bill's supporters said.
The law, which has been severely criticised by the Catholic Church and conservative civil groups, allows gay couples to voluntarily register their union with civil authorities. Heterosexual couples who are not already legally married can also be registered under the new law.
Mexico City is a federal district with its own legislature, and the law will apply only to residents of the capital, with a population of 8.7 (m) million. This is the first time any state legislature has approved such a law anywhere in Mexico.
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Assemblymember Kevin de Leon on Education Issues
At a Latino Caucus press conference on April 11, 2007, eight Assemblymembers and Senators introduced their legislative priorities for 2007. Assemblymember Kevin de Leon (D-Los Angeles) spoke about education issues. Latino Caucus Chair Joe Coto (D-San Jose) introduced de Leon.
Contemporary Military Forum #5: Defense Partnerships and Security of North America
Speakers are LTG Jeffrey Buchanan, CG, ARNORTH, LTG Reynold Hoover, Deputy Commander, NORTHCOM, Sergio de la Pena, DASD-Western Hemisphere Affairs, Ronald Vitiello, Acting Deputy Commissioner, USBP, LtGen Roble Arturo Granados Gallardo, Chief of Staff, National Defense, Mexico and LTG Stephen Bowes, Cdr., Canadian Joint Operations Command, Canadian Armed Forces.
Mountain View: Our Town
This video is about the history of Mountain View, California
History of Mexico | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Mexico
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Mexico, a country in the southern portion of North America, covers a period of more than three millennia. First populated more than 13,000 years ago, the territory had complex indigenous civilizations before being conquered and colonized by the Spanish in the 16th century. One of the important aspects of Mesoamerican civilizations was their development of a form of writing, so that Mexico's written history stretches back hundreds of years before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1519. This era before the arrival of Europeans is called variously the prehispanic era or the precolumbian era.
The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan became the Spanish capital Mexico City, which was and remains the most populous city in Mexico.
From 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire incorporated the region into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and became the capital of New Spain. During the colonial era, Mexico's long-established Mesoamerican civilizations mixed with European culture. Perhaps nothing better represents this hybrid background than Mexico's languages: the country is both the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world and home to the largest number of Native American language speakers in North America. For three centuries Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, whose legacy is a country with a Spanish-speaking, Catholic and largely Western culture.
After a protracted struggle (1810–21) for independence, New Spain became the sovereign nation of Mexico, with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba. A brief period of monarchy (1821–23), called the First Mexican Empire, was followed by the founding of the Republic of Mexico, established under a federal constitution in 1824. Legal racial categories were eliminated, abolishing the system of castas. Slavery was not abolished at independence in 1821 or with the constitution in 1824, but was eliminated in 1829. Mexico continues to be constituted as a federated republic, under the Mexican Constitution of 1917.
The Age of Santa Anna is the period of the late 1820s to the early 1850s that was dominated by criollo military-man-turned-president Antonio López de Santa Anna. In 1846, the Mexican–American War was provoked by the United States, ending two years later with Mexico ceding almost half of its territory via the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to the United States. Even though Santa Anna bore significant responsibility for the disastrous defeat, he returned to office.
The Liberal Reform began with the overthrow of Santa Anna by Mexican liberals, ushering in La Reforma beginning in 1854. The Mexican Constitution of 1857 codified the principles of liberalism in law, especially separation of church and state, equality before the law, that included stripping corporate entities (the Catholic Church and indigenous communities) of special status. The Reform sparked a civil war between liberals defending the constitution and conservatives, who opposed it. The War of the Reform saw the defeat of the conservatives on the battlefield, but conservatives remained strong and took the opportunity to invite foreign intervention against the liberals in order to forward their own cause.
The French Intervention is the period when France invaded Mexico (1861), nominally to collect on defaulted loans to the liberal government of Benito Juárez, but it went further and at the invitation of Mexican conservatives seeking to restore monarchy in Mexico set Maximilian I on the Mexican throne. The US was engaged in its own Civil War (1861–65), so did not attempt to block the foreign intervention. Abraham Lincoln consistently supported the Mexican liberals. At the end of the civil war in the US and the triumph of the Union forces, the US actively aided Mexican liberals against Maximilian's regime. ...
'Blowback' and Changing Commodity Chains in the Hemispheric War on Cocaine: 1900-2015
Talk by Paul Gootenberg, SUNY Distinguished Professor of History & Sociology at Stony Brook University.
After its mid-twentieth transformation into an illicit good, shifting commodity chains of cocaine became the driver of the 1980s and beyond US War on Drugs. But the blowback effects of US policies have also driven a series of unintended impacts on the geographies, politics, and security threats of cocaine--including the current shift to globalized cocaine and growing Latin American dissent from the global drug war.
House Session 2011-03-09 (16:28:19-17:31:29)
CITY COUNCIL 02 26 18
CITY OF EUREKA SPRINGS
COUNCIL MEETING
Monday, February 26, 2018 6 p.m.
AGENDA
CALL TO ORDER
ROLL CALL, ESTABLISH QUORUM
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
APPROVAL OF THE AGENDA
APPROVAL OF THE MINUTES: February 12, 2018
COMMISSION, COMMITTEE, AUTHORITY REPORTS AND EXPIRED TERMS:
Planning – Pos. 4 – vacant – expires 7/1/18. Application from Beverly Abbey
CAPC – Pos. 3 – vacant -- expires 6/30/19. Application from Greg Moon
Hospital – Pos. 7 – vacant – expires 9/7/20
Parks
HDC
Cemetery – Pos. 4 – vacant – expires 2/15/20
PUBLIC COMMENTS -- 3 minutes for each citizen:
UNFINISHED BUSINESS:
NEW BUSINESS:
1. Resolution for new Hospital property – Mayor Berry
2. Ordinance to add Planning recommendations to Code/City Attorney’s opinion of proposed B&B owner requirement – March 12 -- Mr. Mitchell and Ms. Adamson
3. Ordinance for paying down bond payments – Mr. Mitchell and Mr. Thomas
4. Ordinance regarding diversion of grant funds – Ms. Kendrick and Ms. Greene
5. City Attorney’s opinion on posting notices/issuing fines for Code violations – Mayor
Berry
6. Proposed workshop date for review of possible meeting sites -- Mr. Thomas and Ms.
Schneider
AGENDA SETTING
CITY COUNCIL COMMENTS
MAYOR’S COMMENTS
ADJOURNMENT
04/16/19 Metro Council Meeting
Audio problems due to equipment failure in the Council Chambers. Coverage of the Metro Council Meeting from April 16, 2019. Due to be carried over in a special meeting on April 23.
Harvey Mudd College's 2017 Commencement Ceremony
Harvey Mudd College's 59th Commencement ceremony was held on May 14, 2017, in Claremont, California.
Eric the Unready with two unready Gays
A weird game, sneak yarn peeks, behind the scenes chat!
Spanish Empire | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Spanish Empire
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Spanish Empire (Spanish: Imperio Español; Latin: Imperium Hispanicum), historically known as the Hispanic Monarchy (Spanish: Monarquía Hispánica) and as the Catholic Monarchy (Spanish: Monarquía Católica) was one of the largest empires in history. From the late 15th century to the early 19th, Spain controlled a huge overseas territory in the New World and the Asian archipelago of the Philippines, what they called The Indies (Spanish: Las Indias). It also included territories in Europe, Africa and Oceania. The Spanish Empire has been described as the first global empire in history, a description also given to the Portuguese Empire. It was the world's most powerful empire during the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries, reaching its maximum extension in the 18th century. The Spanish Empire was the first empire to be called the empire on which the sun never sets.Castile became the dominant kingdom in Iberia because of its jurisdiction over the overseas empire in the Americas and the Philippines. The structure of empire was established under the Spanish Hapsburgs (1516–1700) and under the Spanish Bourbon monarchs, the empire was brought under greater crown control and increased its revenues from the Indies. The crown's authority in The Indies was enlarged by the papal grant of powers of patronage, giving it power in the religious sphere. An important element in the formation of Spain's empire was the dynastic union between Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, known as the Catholic Monarchs, which initiated political, religious and social cohesion but not political unification. Iberian kingdoms retained their political identities, with particular administration and juridical configurations.
Although the power of the Spanish sovereign as monarch varied from one territory to another, the monarch acted as such in a unitary manner over all the ruler's territories through a system of councils: the unity did not mean uniformity. In 1580, when Philip II of Spain succeeded to the throne of Portugal (as Philip I), he established the Council of Portugal, which oversaw Portugal and its empire and preserv[ed] its own laws, institutions, and monetary system, and united only in sharing a common sovereign. The Iberian Union remained in place until in 1640, when Portugal overthrew Hapsburg rule and reestablished independence under the House of Braganza. Under Philip, Spain, rather than the Hapsburg empire, was identified as the most powerful nation in the world, easily eclipsing France and England. Furthermore, despite attacks from other European states, Spain retained its position of dominance with apparent ease.
The Battle of Pavia (1525) marked the beginning of Spanish dominance in Italy. Spain's claims to Naples and Sicily in southern Italy dated back to the 15th century, but had been marred by rival claims until the mid-16th century. While Venice, the Papal States, Este, and Savoy retained their independence, the rest of the Italian Peninsula either became part of the Spanish Empire or looked to it for protection. There would be no Italian revolts against Spanish rule until 1647. The death of the Ottoman emperor Suleiman the Magnificent in 1566 and the naval victory over the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 gave Spain a claim to be the greatest power not just in Europe but also in the world. The Spanish Empire comprised territories and colonies of the Spanish Monarch in the Americas, Asia (Philippines),
Europe and some territories in Africa and Oceania.
The Spanish Empire in the Americas was formed after conquering large stretches of land, beginning with Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean Islands. In the early 16th century, it conquered and incorporated the Aztec and Inca Empires, retaining indigenous elites loyal to the Spanish crown and converts to Christianity as intermediaries between their communities and royal government. After a short period of delegation of autho ...
History of Mexico | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Mexico
00:10:37 1 Before European arrival
00:12:45 1.1 Beginnings
00:13:45 1.2 Corn, squash, and beans
00:14:29 1.3 Religion
00:17:07 1.4 Writing
00:18:30 2 Major civilizations
00:19:26 2.1 Olmecs (1400–400 BC)
00:20:05 2.2 Maya
00:21:03 2.3 Teotihuacan
00:22:49 2.4 Toltec
00:24:24 2.5 Aztec Empire (1325–1521 AD)
00:26:57 3 Spanish conquest
00:27:06 3.1 Mesoamerica on the eve of the conquest
00:29:39 3.2 Analysis of defeat
00:30:19 3.3 Aftermath of the conquest
00:30:28 3.3.1 Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs, and the Tlaxcalteca
00:33:23 4 Colonial period (1521–1810)
00:34:36 4.1 Continued conquest (1521–50)
00:37:26 4.2 Colonial period (1521-1821)
00:43:21 5 Independence (1807–1829)
00:43:32 5.1 War of Independence
00:45:03 5.2 After independence (1821–1829)
00:46:24 5.3 Mexican Empire
00:47:07 5.4 Federal Republic
00:48:28 5.4.1 Economic stagnation
00:49:05 6 Political developments (1830-1854)
00:49:17 6.1 Political Instability in the early Republic
00:51:05 6.2 Comanche raids
00:52:12 6.3 Texas
00:54:26 6.4 Mexican-American War (1846–1848)
00:57:30 7 Struggle for liberal reform (1855–1872)
00:59:49 7.1 Constitution of 1857
01:01:10 7.2 War of Reform (1857–1861)
01:01:56 7.3 French intervention and Second Mexican Empire (1861–1867)
01:04:41 7.4 Restored Republic (1867–1872)
01:05:32 8 spanPorfiriato (1876–1910)
01:07:06 8.1 Poverty
01:07:46 8.2 Order, progress, and dictatorship
01:11:03 8.3 Population and public health
01:11:52 8.4 Economy
01:14:10 8.4.1 Modernity
01:15:07 8.4.2 Rural unrest
01:16:00 9 Revolution of 1910–1920
01:18:57 9.1 Election of 1910 and popular rebellion
01:21:42 9.2 Madero presidency and its opposition, 1911–1913
01:22:32 9.3 Counter-revolution and civil war, 1913–1915
01:28:04 9.4 Constitutionalists in power, 1915–1920
01:29:18 10 Consolidation of revolution, 1920-40
01:29:30 10.1 Northern revolutionary generals as presidents
01:30:43 10.1.1 Obregón presidency, 1920–24
01:34:31 10.1.2 Calles presidency, 1924–28
01:35:40 10.1.3 Cristero War (1926–1929)
01:37:32 10.2 Maximato and the Formation of the ruling party
01:40:45 10.3 Revitalization of the revolution under Cárdenas
01:42:47 11 Revolution to evolution, 1940-70
01:43:00 11.1 Manuel Ávila Camacho presidency and World War II
01:47:52 11.2 Economic miracle (1940–1970)
01:50:32 11.3 Guatemala conflict
01:51:01 12 1970–1994
01:51:12 12.1 Economic crisis (1970–1994)
01:52:12 12.2 Earthquake of 1985
01:52:52 12.3 Changing political landscape 1970–1990
01:54:00 12.4 1988 Presidential election
01:55:54 13 Contemporary Mexico
01:56:03 13.1 NAFTA and economic resurgence (1994–present)
01:57:06 13.2 President Ernesto Zedillo (1994–2000)
01:58:27 13.3 End of PRI rule in 2000
01:58:53 13.4 President Vicente Fox Quesada (2000–2006)
02:01:10 13.5 President Felipe Calderón Hinojosa (2006–2012)
02:02:17 13.6 President Enrique Peña Nieto (2012–2018)
02:03:41 13.7 Drug war
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Mexico, a country in the southern portion of North America, covers a period of more than three millennia. First populated more than 13,000 years ago, the territory had complex indigenous civilizations before being conquered and colonized by the Spanish in the 16th century. One of the important aspects of Mesoamerican civilizations was their development of a form of writing, so that Mexico's written history stretches back hundreds of years before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1519. This era before the arrival of Europeans is called variously the prehispanic era or the precolumbian era.
The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan became the Spanish capital Mexico City, which was and remains the most populous city in Mexico.
From 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire incorporated the region into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and b ...
Live With Lou - Radio Show 12/16/17
Lou discusses the homeless issues and the corrupt government from Local to State to Federal
History of Mexico | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Mexico
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Mexico, a country in the southern portion of North America, covers a period of more than three millennia. First populated more than 13,000 years ago, the territory had complex indigenous civilizations before being conquered and colonized by the Spanish in the 16th century. One of the important aspects of Mesoamerican civilizations was their development of a form of writing, so that Mexico's written history stretches back hundreds of years before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1519. This era before the arrival of Europeans is called variously the prehispanic era or the precolumbian era.
The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan became the Spanish capital Mexico City, which was and remains the most populous city in Mexico.
From 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire incorporated the region into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and became the capital of New Spain. During the colonial era, Mexico's long-established Mesoamerican civilizations mixed with European culture. Perhaps nothing better represents this hybrid background than Mexico's languages: the country is both the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world and home to the largest number of Native American language speakers in North America. For three centuries Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, whose legacy is a country with a Spanish-speaking, Catholic and largely Western culture.
After a protracted struggle (1810–21) for independence, New Spain became the sovereign nation of Mexico, with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba. A brief period of monarchy (1821–23), called the First Mexican Empire, was followed by the founding of the Republic of Mexico, established under a federal constitution in 1824. Legal racial categories were eliminated, abolishing the system of castas. Slavery was not abolished at independence in 1821 or with the constitution in 1824, but was eliminated in 1829. Mexico continues to be constituted as a federated republic, under the Mexican Constitution of 1917.
The Age of Santa Anna is the period of the late 1820s to the early 1850s that was dominated by criollo military-man-turned-president Antonio López de Santa Anna. In 1846, the Mexican–American War was provoked by the United States, ending two years later with Mexico ceding almost half of its territory via the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to the United States. Even though Santa Anna bore significant responsibility for the disastrous defeat, he returned to office.
The Liberal Reform began with the overthrow of Santa Anna by Mexican liberals, ushering in La Reforma beginning in 1854. The Mexican Constitution of 1857 codified the principles of liberalism in law, especially separation of church and state, equality before the law, that included stripping corporate entities (the Catholic Church and indigenous communities) of special status. The Reform sparked a civil war between liberals defending the constitution and conservatives, who opposed it. The War of the Reform saw the defeat of the conservatives on the battlefield, but conservatives remained strong and took the opportunity to invite foreign intervention against the liberals in order to forward their own cause.
The French Intervention is the period when France invaded Mexico (1861), nominally to collect on defaulted loans to the liberal government of Benito Juárez, but it went further and at the invitation of Mexican conservatives seeking to restore monarchy in Mexico set Maximilian I on the Mexican throne. The US was engaged in its own Civil War (1861–65), so did not attempt to block the foreign intervention. Abraham Lincoln consistently supported the Mexican liberals. At the end of the civil war in the US and the triumph of the Union forces, the US actively aided Mexican liberals against Maximilian's regime. ...