Engineer’s Approach to Forecast the Long-Term Effects of Thermal Cycles on the Aluminum Works
Two single-story concrete and brick buildings constructed at Fort D. A. Russell in Marfa, Texas in 1938 are now known as the Artillery Sheds and house internationally important works of art by the renowned minimalist artist Donald Judd (1928 –1994). In 1979 Judd purchased the then-derelict structures. Judd planned significant architectural modifications to the buildings and the 100 mill aluminum works of art they contain together as one vision. Judd’s installation of 73 story-high glass and aluminum windows, of his design, create nearly fully transparent facades. The transparency, in turn, creates an important contextual relationship between the works of art and the landscape, and admits enormous amounts of natural light, the nature of which changes continuously from sun up to sun down. The Judd-designed glass windows and the subsequent addition of aluminum barrel arches on the once-flat roofs, known in the vernacular as the huts, have made the Artillery Sheds iconic of Judd’s works in Marfa.
The Sheds and their works of art are now cared for and opened to the public by the Chinati Foundation. The buildings remain preserved as Judd created them: building elements and materials bare and exposed; interior environment unconditioned and unlit by artificial light; and experience in the space acoustically unaltered by building mechanical and electrical systems. However, the single pane, clear glass of the windows allow for tremendous solar radiation into the space. The aluminum works comprised of rectangular aluminum plates creating box-like sculptures become great sources of heat within the space when they are being struck by sunlight. The surface temperatures of the aluminum in the direct light are much higher than other parts of the given work creating thermal gradients that migrate throughout the day and stress the aluminum. The diurnal and annual temperature fluctuations of the space are well outside ranges commonly sought for the preservation of art. Paradoxically, common strategies to affect the indoor climate, for example sun screens, window shades, coated glass and HVAC systems, all alter the architecture and arguably change the observer’s intrinsic experience with the installation.
Thirty years after installation, the mill aluminum works are undoubtedly changed from their original condition though certainly not detrimentally to the experience of current visitors. Their current condition relative to their original condition is part of an on-going archival study. Some of the works’ locations have shifted over time. Observers have heard pinging sounds emitting from the works as the works heat and cool during the day. There are slight gaps between plates in some of the works, and certain threaded fasteners have needed to be re-torqued; the gaps and loosening of fasteners are plausibly the result of, or at least exacerbated by, the unconditioned environment and resulting thermal cycles on the aluminum works. The extent to which this is the case is unknown. Furthermore, if the gaps and loose fasteners are the result of thermal cycles, it is unknown if the conditions have reached a state of equilibrium, or are degrading at an increasing or decreasing rate. Engineering analysis of the aluminum works can help answer these questions.
This paper presents an engineering approach to determine the effects of the diurnal and annual temperature fluctuations on the mill aluminum works to forecast the probable long-term effects of
continued exposure. The approach includes scientific gathering of material properties, advanced computer modeling for dynamic thermal stress analysis, mechanical testing of replica parts and data logging to validate computer modeling. Knowledge gained from the engineering study could prove helpful in making decisions concerning preservation and conservancy of the Artillery Sheds.
Presidio La Bahia - Goliad, TX - 2010 reenactment - Spanish cannons fire
Each year, usually on Palm Sunday weekend, Presidio La Bahia presents the reenactment of the acquisition of the fort by troops of Santa Anna from Colonel Fannin and his men. This video depicts two Spanish cannon volleys. Note the reaction of the crowd after the closer cannon fires. Apologies for the quality, but I was using a Fujifilm FinePix A350 w/o a tripod. Anyway, it's the BOOM that counts! If you have never seen a reenactment, you are definitely missing a living history experience, especially where there is cannon fire involved! For more info, definitely see the Presidio's web site:
Oakdale,La.-Federal Prison Unit
This was my last stop coming back from my trip North in March. There is no place to park in the area where you would not be noticed and no way to walk out without being in full view. So,I made no effort to conceal myself or what I was doing. I just went about biz as usual. This video depicts what I found on my visit.
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Political Figures, Lawyers, Politicians, Journalists, Social Activists (1950s Interviews)
Interviewees:
Harold Himmel Velde, United States political figure
Hugh D. Scott, Jr., American lawyer and politician
John V. Beamer, U.S. Representative from Indiana
Orland K. Armstrong, Republican United States Representative, journalist, and social activist
Edward L.R. Elson, Presbyterian minister and Chaplain of the United States Senate
Richard Russell, Jr., American politician from Georgia
Richard Brevard Russell, Jr. (November 2, 1897 -- January 21, 1971) was an American politician from Georgia. A member of the Democratic Party, he briefly served as Governor of Georgia (1931--33) before serving in the United States Senate for almost 40 years, from 1933 until his death in 1971. As a Senator, he was a candidate for President of the United States in the 1952 Democratic National Convention, coming in second to Adlai Stevenson.
Russell was a founder and leader of the conservative coalition that dominated Congress from 1937 to 1963, and at his death was the most senior member of the Senate. He was for decades a leader of Southern opposition to the civil rights movement.
Russell competed in the 1952 Democratic presidential primary, but was shut-out of serious consideration by northern Democratic leaders who saw his support for segregation as untenable outside of the Jim Crow South. When Lyndon Johnson arrived in the Senate, he sought guidance from knowledgeable senate aide Bobby Baker, who advised that all senators were equal but Russell was the most equal—meaning the most powerful. Johnson assiduously cultivated Russell through all of their joint Senate years and beyond. Russell's support for first-term senator Lyndon Johnson paved the way for Johnson to become Senate Majority Leader. Russell often dined at Johnson's house during their Senate days. However, their 20-year friendship came to an end during Johnson's presidency, in a fight over the Chief Justice nomination of Johnson's friend and Supreme Court justice Abe Fortas in 1968.
While a prime mentor of Johnson, Russell and the then-president Johnson also disagreed over civil rights. Russell, a segregationist, had repeatedly blocked and defeated civil rights legislation via use of the filibuster and had co-authored the Southern Manifesto in opposition to civil rights. He had not supported the States Rights' Democratic Party of Strom Thurmond in 1948, but he opposed civil rights laws as unconstitutional and unwise. (Unlike Theodore Bilbo, Cotton Ed Smith and James Eastland, who had reputations as ruthless, tough-talking, heavy-handed race baiters, he never justified hatred or acts of violence to defend segregation. But he strongly defended white supremacy and apparently did not question it or ever apologize for his segregationist views, votes and speeches.) Russell was key, for decades, in blocking meaningful civil rights legislation that might have protected African-Americans from lynching, disenfranchisement, and disparate treatment under the law. After Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Russell (along with more than a dozen other southern Senators, including Herman Talmadge and Russell Long) boycotted the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City.
A prominent supporter of a strong national defense, Russell became in the 1950s the most knowledgeable and powerful congressional leader in this area. He used his powers as chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee from 1951 to 1969 and then as chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee as an institutional base to add defense installations and jobs for Georgia. He was dubious about the Vietnam War, privately warning President Johnson repeatedly against deeper involvement.
La route vers le nouveau DÉSORDRE mondial (Audiobook)
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Depuis les années 1960, les choix en matière de politique étrangère états-unienne ont conduit à la mise en uvre d'activités criminelles, et à leur dissimulation, tantôt partielle parfois totale. Dans ses précédents essais, Peter Dale SCOTT a témoigné de l'implication de la CIA dans de graves exactions, dont différents coups d'État, ou dans la mise en place d'une véritable géopolitique de la drogue et des guerres qu'elle permet de financer. Il sonde ici la manière dont les décisions, irrationnelles (voire paranoïaques) et à courte vue, prises par les Présidents américains depuis Nixon ont engendré une plus grande insécurité dans le monde, notamment en renforçant les réseaux terroristes responsables des attentats de 2001. L'auteur montre comment l'expansion de l'Empire américain depuis la seconde guerre mondiale a conduit à ce processus de décisions iniques et dangereuses dans le plus grand des secrets, souvent à l'insu des responsables démocratiquement élus. À partir d'exemples précis, il illustre comment ces décisions furent l'apanage de petites factions très influentes au sein d'un « supramonde » qui agit sur l'État public à travers des institutions secrètes (comme la CIA), au détriment de l'État démocratique et de la société civile. L'analyse de l'implémentation de ces programmes établit la longue collaboration des principaux services de renseignement des États-Unis avec des groupes terroristes, qu'ils ont à la fois aidés à créer et soutenus, dont la fameuse organisation al-Qaïda. Dans un autre registre, parallèle et tout aussi fascinant, Peter Dale Scott explique clairement le danger que fait peser sur la démocratie l'instauration, sous l'administration Reagan, du plan ultra secret de « continuité du gouvernement », qui existe toujours D'aucuns crieront sans doute à la « théorie du complot », mais la qualité de l'argumentation, étayée par une documentation encyclopédique fait de ce travail une magistrale et passionnante leçon d'histoire contemporaine, qui nous plonge dans les méandres des rivalités de ceux qui détiennent le vrai pouvoir, pour comprendre le monde tel qu'il est, et non tel qu'il paraît être.
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An Inside Look At Doomsday Bunker Homes With A Price Tag Of $2 Million
More from Inside Edition:
In the middle of rural Kansas, armed security patrol the entrance to a doomsday bunker that's reserved for the wealthy elite and sales are booming. Inside Edition headed deep below the surface of the Earth and into an underground bunker like no other. Larry Hall, the owner of the Survival Condo Project says, Since the election of Donald Trump we have seen a whole new demographic of people calling in. People we didn't know they existed before.
McLintock 1963 John Wayne, Maureen O'Hara - dir. Andrew V. McLaglen
McLintock! is a 1963 comedy Western directed by Andrew V. McLaglen and starring John Wayne, with co-stars including Maureen O'Hara, Yvonne De Carlo, and Wayne's son Patrick Wayne. The film, produced by Wayne's company Batjac Productions, was loosely based on Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew.
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