Portugal and the Jewish Refugee Crisis of World War II
When the Nazis invaded France and the Low Countries, tens of thousands of Jewish refugees from all over Europe poured into neutral Portugal. Lisbon became a city of transit and intrigue, sheltering refugees, aid organizations, and Allied and Axis coalitions, all of whom populated the cafés and public gathering places. This symposium will tell these stories and that of Aristides de Sousa Mendes, named Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem for his courage as Portuguese Consul-General stationed in Bordeaux. With Marion Kaplan (NYU), author Margarida Ramalho, Mordecai Paldiel (Yad Vashem, emeritus), Louis-Philippe Mendes and Olivia Mattis (Sousa Mendes Foundation).
France Capitulates - 1940 | Movietone Moments | 15 June 18
On this day in 1940, France surrendered to Nazi Germany – here’s how Movietone reported on the capitulation.
The French Government capitulates to the German armies and Marshal Petain signs the surrender.
Various shots of the statue. Above material was used in conjunction with library shots in symposium called French Government Capitulates. Shots embodied were CU Petain, Leopold at unveiling statue of his father, draping Albert statue, Cenotaph & country war memorials.
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Bordeaux | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bordeaux
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁdo] (listen); Gascon Occitan: Bordèu [buɾˈðɛw]) is a port city on the Garonne in the Gironde department in Southwestern France.
The municipality (commune) of Bordeaux proper has a population of 246,586 (2014). Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Bordeaux is the centre of the Bordeaux Métropole. With 1,195,335 in the metropolitan area, it is the sixth largest in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse and Lille. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais (for men) or Bordelaises (women). The term Bordelais may also refer to the city and its surrounding region.
Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, and the wine economy in the metro area takes in 14.5 billion euros each year. Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble of the 18th century. After Paris, Bordeaux has the highest number of preserved historical buildings of any city in France.
Bordeaux | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:27 1 History
00:07:32 2 Geography
00:08:22 2.1 Climate
00:09:33 3 Economy
00:10:00 3.1 Wine
00:11:51 3.2 Others
00:13:06 3.3 Major companies
00:13:44 4 Population
00:15:08 5 Politics
00:20:55 5.1 Municipal administration
00:21:45 5.2 Mayors of Bordeaux
00:22:05 6 Education
00:22:14 6.1 University
00:23:26 6.2 Schools
00:25:29 6.3 Weekend education
00:25:51 7 Main sights
00:26:46 7.1 Buildings
00:29:47 7.2 Contemporary architecture
00:30:41 7.3 Museums
00:31:37 7.4 Parks and gardens
00:31:58 7.5 Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas
00:32:40 7.6 Shopping
00:33:18 8 Culture
00:33:46 9 Transport
00:33:55 9.1 Road
00:35:39 9.2 Rail
00:37:34 9.3 Air
00:37:52 9.4 Trams, buses and boats
00:39:23 9.5 Taxis
00:39:35 9.6 Bordeaux Public Transportation Statistics
00:40:20 10 Sport
00:42:28 11 Notable people
00:42:37 12 International relationship
00:42:46 12.1 Twin towns and sister cities
00:42:58 12.2 Partnerships
00:43:06 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9760555108746687
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁdo] (listen); Gascon Occitan: Bordèu [buɾˈðɛw]) is a port city on the Garonne in the Gironde department in Southwestern France.
The municipality (commune) of Bordeaux proper has a population of 252,040 (2016). Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Bordeaux is the centre of the Bordeaux Métropole. With 1,195,335 in the metropolitan area, it is the sixth-largest in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, and Lille. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais (for men) or Bordelaises (women). The term Bordelais may also refer to the city and its surrounding region.
Being at the center of a major wine-growing and wine-producing region, Bordeaux remains a prominent powerhouse and exercises significant influence on the world wine industry although no wine production is conducted within the city limits. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, and the wine economy in the metro area takes in 14.5 billion euros each year. Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble of the 18th century. After Paris, Bordeaux has the highest number of preserved historical buildings of any city in France.
Portugal during World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:43 1 Portugal and the war in Europe
00:00:53 1.1 Overview
00:04:37 1.2 Azores
00:09:17 1.3 Wolfram
00:11:44 1.4 Portugal's role in keeping Spain neutral
00:14:05 1.5 Haven for refugees
00:18:06 1.6 Portuguese volunteers fighting the Soviet Union on the Axis side
00:19:01 2 Portugal and the Pacific War
00:19:11 2.1 Macau
00:20:42 2.2 East Timor
00:21:15 2.3 Goa
00:22:01 3 Military operations that threatened Portuguese neutrality
00:22:13 3.1 By the Axis
00:22:22 3.1.1 Operation Felix
00:22:46 3.1.2 Führer Directive No. 18
00:23:24 3.1.3 Operation Isabella
00:23:51 3.2 By the Allies
00:24:00 3.2.1 Operation Alacrity
00:25:02 3.2.2 War Plan Gray
00:25:44 4 Espionage
00:28:18 5 Aftermath
00:30:31 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9918068552438986
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Upon the start of World War II in 1939, the Portuguese Government announced on 1 September that the 600-year-old Anglo-Portuguese Alliance remained intact, but that since the British did not seek Portuguese assistance, Portugal was free to remain neutral in the war and would do so. In an aide-mémoire of 5 September 1939, the British Government confirmed the understanding. As Hitler's occupation swept across Europe, neutral Portugal became one of the Continent's last escape routes. Portugal managed to remain neutral throughout the war despite extraordinary pressures from both sides, notably over the strategically located Azores islands and over the wolfram (tungsten) trade.
French Resistance | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
French Resistance
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The French Resistance (French: La Résistance) was the collection of French movements that fought against the Nazi German occupation of France and against the collaborationist Vichy régime during the Second World War. Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the Maquis in rural areas), who, in addition to their guerrilla warfare activities, were also publishers of underground newspapers, providers of first-hand intelligence information, and maintainers of escape networks that helped Allied soldiers and airmen trapped behind enemy lines. The men and women of the Resistance came from all economic levels and political leanings of French society, including émigrés, academics, students, aristocrats, conservative Roman Catholics (including priests), and also citizens from the ranks of liberals, anarchists and communists.
The French Resistance played a significant role in facilitating the Allies' rapid advance through France following the invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944, and the lesser-known invasion of Provence on 15 August, by providing military intelligence on the German defences known as the Atlantic Wall and on Wehrmacht deployments and orders of battle. The Resistance also planned, coordinated, and executed acts of sabotage on the electrical power grid, transport facilities, and telecommunications networks. It was also politically and morally important to France, both during the German occupation and for decades afterward, because it provided the country with an inspiring example of the patriotic fulfillment of a national imperative, countering an existential threat to French nationhood. The actions of the Resistance stood in marked contrast to the collaboration of the French regime based at Vichy, the French people who joined the pro-Nazi Milice française and the French men who joined the Waffen SS.
After the landings in Normandy and Provence, the paramilitary components of the Resistance were organised more formally, into a hierarchy of operational units known, collectively, as the French Forces of the Interior (FFI). Estimated to have a strength of 100,000 in June 1944, the FFI grew rapidly and reached approximately 400,000 by October of that year. Although the amalgamation of the FFI was, in some cases, fraught with political difficulties, it was ultimately successful, and it allowed France to rebuild the fourth-largest army in the European theatre (1.2 million men) by VE Day in May 1945. Marcel Marceau; a famous mime named Bip was also in the French Resistance. His father was taken captive and was taken to a concentration camp by the nazis. He became part of the French Resistence. To help free kids he pretended to take Boy Scouts on a hike and then hike to Switzerland for safety. He is also proclaimed to be the founder of the floss dance. He would use it in his mime shows.
Portugal in World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:00 1 Portugal and the war in Europe
00:01:11 1.1 Overview
00:06:24 1.2 Azores
00:13:03 1.3 Wolfram
00:16:31 1.4 Portugal's role in keeping Spain neutral
00:19:49 1.5 Haven for refugees
00:25:29 1.6 Portuguese volunteers fighting the Soviet Union on the Axis side
00:26:43 2 Portugal and the Pacific War
00:26:54 2.1 Macau
00:29:01 2.2 East Timor
00:29:44 2.3 Goa
00:30:46 3 Military operations that threatened Portuguese neutrality
00:31:00 3.1 By the Axis
00:31:09 3.1.1 Operation Felix
00:31:39 3.1.2 Führer Directive No. 18
00:32:29 3.1.3 Operation Isabella
00:33:04 3.2 By the Allies
00:33:13 3.2.1 Operation Alacrity
00:34:39 3.2.2 War Plan Gray
00:35:32 4 Espionage
00:39:06 5 Aftermath
00:42:15 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7054122923101294
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Upon the start of World War II in 1939, the Portuguese Government announced on 1 September that the 600-year-old Anglo-Portuguese Alliance remained intact, but that since the British did not seek Portuguese assistance, Portugal was free to remain neutral in the war and would do so. In an aide-mémoire of 5 September 1939, the British Government confirmed the understanding. As Hitler's occupation swept across Europe, neutral Portugal became one of the Continent's last escape routes. Portugal managed to remain neutral throughout the war despite extraordinary pressures from both sides, notably over the strategically located Azores islands and over the wolfram (tungsten) trade.
Nicholas Winton
Sir Nicholas George Winton, MBE (born Nicholas Wertheim; 19 May 1909) is a British humanitarian who organised the rescue of 669 mostly Jewish children from Nazi-occupied Czechoslovakia on the eve of the Second World War, in an operation later known as the Czech Kindertransport. Winton found homes for the children and arranged for their safe passage to Britain. The British press has dubbed him the British Schindler.
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