What is PLA's role in Hong Kong?
Will Ripley reports on the role of China's People's Liberation Army in Hong Kong and the concern of how that may change.
Hong Kong - Advance party of Chinese troops arrive
T/I: 10:02:51 GS 10:42:27
An advance party of Chinese troops arrived in Hong Kong on Monday (21/4) ahead of Hong Kong's return to Beijing rule in July. The troops mark the return of the Chinese army to the territory after more than 156 years. A convoy of eight cars and vans brought 40 members of the
People's Liberation Army (PLA) from the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen into Hong Kong at the Lok Ma Chau crossing point.
SHOWS:
PRINCE OF WALES BARRACKS, HONG KONG, 18/04
WS pan down of building,
headquarters sign of British Forces,
CU soldier;
Major John Herring, British Garrison They'll be unarmed, they're administrators, their job as I understand is to prepare the way for their garrison to come in and this is simply normal practise for military units.
Black Watch soldiers marching;
Black Watch marching with bagpipes being played, marching past;
VICTORIA HARBOUR, 21/04
GV's Victoria Harbour,
navy boat,
21-gun salute;
LOK MA CHAU BORDER CROSSING, HONG KONG, 21/04
PLA senior officer greeting officials,
soldier on duty,
Officers meeting and shaking hands,
Van drives in with PLA soldiers on board,
Commander waves to troops,
military truck arrives,
WS pan trucks,
Soldiers standing,
Soldiers in truck,
Convoy of vehicles leaving;
Military truck in Hong Kong traffic,
car arrives,
Officers PLA meet and shake hands,
salute each other,
Major General Bryan Dutton of the British Army and Major-General Zhou Borang, Deputy Commander-In-Chief of the future PLA Garrsion walk off;
SOT Major General Bryan Dutton of the British Army
SOT in mandarin Major-General Zhou Borang, Deputy Commander-In-Chief of the future PLA Garrsion
3.31
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President Xi inspects PLA Garrison in Hong Kong SAR
Chinese President Xi Jinping inspected the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Garrison in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) at the Shek Kong barracks on Friday. Over 3,100 troops in 20 formations were lined up for the inspection. More than 4,000 people from all walks of life in Hong Kong also attended the event on the eve of the 20th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China.
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Hong Kong - Report on fears of Hong Kong takeover
T/I: 10:08:34
This time last year, as Chris Patten prepared to leave his home in Government House and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) were waiting to drive across the border into Hong Kong, many feared that under Chinese rule Hong Kong would lose its freedoms, rule of law, and openness. But one year on, instead of putting tanks on the streets, the PLA has stayed hidden in its barracks. In the centre of Hong Kong, the PLA headquarters has even kept its old colonial name - the Prince of Wales Barracks.
SHOWS:
HONG KONG - RECENT+FILE
RECENT:
Wide of (British) Goverment House;
CU Government House;
Chinese flag flying from Government House
Wide of Prince of Wales barracks;
CU People's Liberation Army soldiers;
CU People's Liberation Army soldier at gate lets car through
Victoria Park wide of 4 June 98 candlelight vigil commemorating Tiananmen Square crackdown;
CU of people holding candles;
wide of stage with activists
SOT, Michael DeGolyer, director of Hong Kong Transition Project at Hong Kong Baptist University (in English): Well, we've had over 1600 demonstrations since 1st July and the end of May - so in less than a year - it's far more than we ever had under the British; there has not been a single permit that has been denied - we even had the June 4 commemoration taking place, which was organised by an organisation that China had called subversive and wanted to ban. So the things that people were worried about didn't happen.
Wide of Apple Daily newspaper printing press control area;
newspapers running off press;
newspapers coming out of stacking machine;
workers piling stacks of newspapers
SOT, Kinming Liu, Acting Chairman, Hong Kong Journalists Association (in English): I think in the last 12 months we have been feeling kind of relieved, not because Beijing has done something that's really good and we say Great, finally they did it - no, we are kind of relieved, and even grateful that they haven't killed anyone, they haven't arrested anyone, they haven't cracked down on us yet - so I don't think there's any real cause to celebrate, I think we should remain sceptical, and remain watchful, keep a very close eye on what's happening.
FILE:
VS Judges procession
RECENT:
Setup of Yash Ghai, University of Hong Kong Law Professor, in his office
SOT, Yash Ghai (in English): Well there hasn't been a great deal of change in the laws or the legal system, the Basic Law intended to preserve the system that existed before, it's a very central theme of the Basic Law.
Long shot of Legislative Council building statue holding scales of justice
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region flag and Chinese flag
SOT, Yash Ghai (in English): I think this raises more fundamentally the question of how independent really the authorities are in regard to prosecution functions when some Chinese institution or persons well-placed in China are involved.
Exterior of Yu Chun Keung School;
various of schoolchildren
SOT, Yu Chun Keung schoolboy (in Cantonese): If the curriculum is not taught in our mother tongue, and if all the books are in English, I will not understand and my academic results will suffer
Schoolchildren walk past
SOT, Principal of Yu Chun Keung school William Yip (in English): For my school and my colleagues, we already adopted Chinese as a medium of instruction for years so most of my parents - my students' parents - they support the school policy and also the government policy. They really think that teaching in Chinese will be more effective...and the students can achieve better
Various of schoolchildren in exam room.
5.30
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Secretly China to Build the Second Biggest Aircraft Carrier Fleet
China’s Navy is on a roll. The Navy, or more properly the People’s Liberation Army Navy, has launched more than a hundred ships of all kinds over the past decade, including destroyers, amphibious ships, frigates, and corvettes. The PLAN is now the largest Navy in Asia, with more than 300 warships. Yet of the hundreds of warships that fly the Chinese flag, none are as important symbolically and practically as the country’s aircraft carriers.
Red China's Navy (PLAN) Surface Action Group (SAG) 1/350 Scale
This is a video by Jeff Head of the People's Republic Army Navy (PLAN), or the Communist Chinese Navy's Surface Action Group (SAG).
A Surface Action group is made up of several surface combatants to make a show of force or to carry out combat or in force recon according to the interests of the country they are in service with, in this case the People's Republic of China.
China has embarked over the last 15 years on a large naval modernization and buildup which has been large in size, and very modern in its upgrade of Chinese naval assets.
Back in the early 2000s the Chinese were a good 20-25 years behind nations like the United States. In some areas they have erased that lack of technology with very modern equipment and in large numbers.
Particularly in their surface combatant area.
They have also now produced two new carriers that are the equal of the carrier that Russia created when she was the Soviet Union, and they have twice as many as the USSR had in terms of full sized carriers...and they are building more.
They need many surface combatants to escort these carriers, but also to carry out the patrol, recon, showing of the flag, and confrontation of intruders along their long cast line. This is where SAGs come into play.
This grouping includes at its center a Type 052D destroyer, which is very similar in size, function, and armament to the US Navy Arleigh Burke Flight IIA destroyers. Although it does not have as many vertical launch cells (VLS) as the Burke (64 to the Burke's 96) they do have a 24 cell RAM-like launcher on the back of the ship over the hanger with 24 close in anti-air missiles that make up for some of the shortage. Also their hanger carrier one instead of two helicopters for ASW and SAR operations. Just the same, the vessel is very powerful and very modern and is a potent weapon.
This group also contains two of their Type 054A guided missile frigates (FFG) which the Chinese have built about 30 of in the last several years. They have 32 VLS and carry strong anti-surface missiles (8 of them) and torpedoes and a strong multi-purpose main gun. They have a hanger with one ASW helicopter too.
The group also contains one Sovremenny class DDG which the Chinese purchased four of from the Russians. This was the USSRs and then Russians strongest destroyer at the time. The Chinese have since upgraded the vessel with new sensors, new weapons, etc. They took out the fore and aft single arm missile launcher and replaced them with 40 VLS cells. They replaced the eight Russian anti-surface missiles with their own anti-surface missiles. They intend to modernize all four of the vessels.
This group then also contains one Type 052B DDG which was a Chinese equivalent of the Russian Sovremmeny DDG, of which the Chinese built two. it is expected that after modernizing the four Russian purchased vessels (of which one is shown in this group after modernization) that the Chinese will also modernize the Type 052B DDGs as well.
All in all this is a powerful Surface Action Group and should not be underestimated or thought of as lacking.
No American commander (and please look at the video of the US SAG that will shortly be on this channel for comparison) would ever underestimate such a force.
Thanks for watching. Please let other know about this channel, we have many 1/350 scale videos of modern naval forces from around the world, as well as 1/72 scale modern aircraft from around the world too.
Amazing: Japan's new military base is very large from China's military base in the South China Sea
Japan's government announced this week that it's buying Mageshima Island, an uninhabited outcrop 21 miles (34 kilometers) from the southernmost Japanese main island of Kyushu.
The island, most of which is owned by a privately held Tokyo development company, is uninhabited and hosts two intersecting unpaved runways that were abandoned under a previous development project.
Hong Kong Wikipedia video. Created by Stupeflix.com
Create your own video on ! A waterfall off
the Chinese coast where foreign ships obtained fresh water. Near the
waterfall, a settlement named Hong Kong Village (香港村) provided the
origins to the name Hong Kong. Hong Kong in late 19th century as a
bustling trading post at the edge of the British Empire. Japanese
troops march in Hong Kong after the British surrender the territory on
Christmas Day, 1941. The Japanese occupation lasts almost four years.
1950s Hong Kong skyline witnessing the prelude to the city's
impending economic miracle. Delegates from Great Britain and China
gather on 30 June 1997 in an elaborate handover ceremony signifying the
end of over 150 years of British colonial rule in Hong Kong. An evening
in Central, Hong Kong's financial district. Within a lifetime, Hong
Kong has matured from a provincial colonial outpost to an ultramodern
global capital of trade and finance. Inside an aviary at the central
Hong Kong Park. A government department named as Hong Kong Observatory
provides meteorological forecasts, weather-related hazard warnings and
geophysical surveys for the territory. The Legislative Council of Hong
Kong. The Government House in Central where the Chief Executive
resides. The Court of Final Appeal in Central. An assembly of Hong Kong
judges. Hong Kong banknotes. Hong Kong coins. 2 International Finance
Centre, Hong Kong. Hong Kong Disneyland during a fireworks display. Sai
Yeung Choi Street South in Mong Kok, a popular shopping street. 1989
postage stamps commemorating the racial, cultural and occupational
diversity of Hong Kong. A view of Central, Admiralty and Mid-Levels
displaying high density residential towers common in large sections of
densely populated Hong Kong. Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology. Hong Kong Polytechnic University. A statue on the Avenue of
Stars, a tribute to Hong Kong cinema. On Queen's Road Central outside
Lan Kwai Fong. Hong Kong culture is often referred to as a marriage
between East and West, a tight cultural and bilingual arrangement
evident throughout the territory. Bruce Lee battles Chuck Norris in Way
of the Dragon. Lee is arguably Hong Kong's first major entertainment
export. The Tian Tan Buddha on Lantau, Hong Kong, the tallest bronze
buddha in the world and a symbol of the faith's influence in the
territory and amongst the Chinese worldwide. The Bank of China Tower at
dusk. The Peak Tower at Victoria Peak. Double-decker bus in Hong Kong.
The iconic Star Ferry on one of its 9 minute voyages across the
harbour. A tram in Hong Kong. Hong Kong International Airport. The
headquarters of the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison (former
Prince of Wales Building).
'Hostile Action' (Sept 11, 2019): China Sends Dire Threat to UK Warships over South China Sea Stunt
‘Hostile action!’ China sends dire threat to UK warships over South China Sea stunt
CHINA has threatened to use force against British warships if they try to sail though the disputed waters of the South China Sea.
The chilling warning comes after suggestions the Royal Navy might send its new aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth with US jets onboard to seas off the contested Spratly Islands. The planned mission will see F-35 stealth jets from the US Marine Corps deployed on the 65,000 ton ship. But China’s ambassador to the UK, Liu Xiaoming, said Britain ”should not do this dirty job for somebody else”.
Speaking at the Defence Correspondents’ Association in London, Mr Liu rejected claims the Royal Navy would be upholding international rules concerning Freedom of Navigation
World War II: The War at Sea - Full Documentary
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A fascinating collection featuring some of the most dramatic and rare newsreels of the time. Filmed on board The Royal Navy’s Pacific Fleet, this film gives a ‘fly on the wall’ insight of the fleet in action during the Second World War.
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Sino-British Joint Declaration
The Sino-British Joint Declaration, formally known as the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong, was signed by Prime Ministers Zhao Ziyang of the People's Republic of China and Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom on behalf of their respective governments on 19 December 1984 in Beijing.
The Declaration entered into force with the exchange of instruments of ratification on 27 May 1985, and was registered by the PRC and UK governments at the United Nations on 12 June 1985. In the Joint Declaration, the PRC Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1 July 1997, and the UK Government declared that it would hand over Hong Kong to the PRC with effect from 1 July 1997. The PRC Government also declared its basic policies regarding Hong Kong in the document.
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United Kingdom in World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:34 1 Pre-war military
00:01:15 2 Beginning of the conflict
00:03:32 3 Western and northern Europe, 1940 and 1941
00:03:45 3.1 Norwegian campaign
00:06:02 3.2 The Battle of France
00:10:47 4 The war at sea
00:11:37 4.1 Opening moves
00:12:22 4.2 Battle of the Atlantic
00:12:55 4.2.1 First 'Happy Time'
00:14:44 4.2.2 Second 'Happy Time'
00:15:29 4.2.3 Success against the U-boats
00:17:18 4.2.4 Arctic convoys
00:18:00 4.3 The Mediterranean
00:19:52 4.3.1 Battle of Taranto
00:20:39 4.3.2 Battle of Matapan
00:21:32 4.3.3 Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete
00:23:47 4.3.4 Malta
00:25:08 4.3.5 Large-scale invasions
00:26:30 4.3.6 Aegean sweep
00:27:18 4.4 Operation Overlord and the Normandy landings
00:29:45 4.5 The East
00:29:53 4.5.1 Indian Ocean disaster
00:32:35 4.5.2 Indian Ocean retreat
00:33:33 4.5.3 Indian Ocean strike
00:35:03 4.5.4 Blockade of Japan
00:35:54 5 The North African desert, Middle East, and Africa
00:37:06 5.1 The Offensive
00:38:12 5.2 Iraq, Syria and Persia
00:41:12 5.3 Ethiopia
00:45:25 5.4 War in the Western Desert
00:48:35 5.5 Operation Torch and El Alamein
00:52:29 5.6 Battle for Tunisia
00:54:02 6 The Italian campaign
00:54:40 6.1 Invasion of Sicily
00:55:53 6.2 Surrender of Italy
00:59:23 6.3 The Winter Line, Anzio and the Battle of Monte Cassino
01:01:34 6.4 Breakthrough to Rome
01:04:40 6.5 The Gothic Line and victory in Italy
01:08:16 7 The liberation of Europe
01:08:26 7.1 Operation Overlord
01:11:34 7.1.1 Controversies
01:15:33 7.2 Breakout from Normandy
01:17:42 7.3 Riviera invasion
01:18:28 7.4 Operation Market Garden
01:20:50 7.5 Walcheren
01:21:52 7.6 Battle of the Bulge
01:24:07 7.7 Crossing the Rhine and final surrender
01:26:51 8 The Far East
01:27:32 8.1 Disaster in Malaya and Singapore
01:30:57 8.2 Burma Campaign
01:31:43 8.2.1 Forced out of Burma
01:36:01 8.2.2 Forgotten army
01:38:45 8.2.3 Kohima and Imphal
01:40:56 8.2.4 Burma retaken
01:43:03 8.2.5 Malaya
01:43:55 8.3 Okinawa and Japan
01:45:04 9 The air war
01:45:13 9.1 Battle of Britain: 1940
01:46:52 9.2 Strategic bombing theory
01:48:38 9.3 Combined bomber offensive
01:55:57 9.4 Airfields
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8238522528817579
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The United Kingdom, along with most of its Dominions and Crown colonies declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939, after the German invasion of Poland. War with Japan began in December 1941, after it attacked British colonies in Asia. The Axis powers were defeated by the Allies in 1945.For the domestic history see home fronts during World War II and Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II.
Right- and left-hand traffic
The terms right-hand traffic and left-hand traffic refer to regulations requiring all bidirectional traffic, unless otherwise directed, to keep either to the right or the left side of the road, respectively. This is so fundamental to traffic flow that it is sometimes referred to as the rule of the road. This basic rule improves traffic flow and reduces the risk of head-on collisions. Today, about 65% of the world's population live in countries with right-hand traffic and 35% in countries with left-hand traffic. About 90% of the world's total road distance carries traffic on the right and 10% on the left.
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Nimitz Class vs Gerald R Ford Class - How Do The Aircraft Carriers Compare?
Gerald R Ford Class is US Militaries brand new Aircraft Carrier. It will slowly replace the aging Nimitz Class. But how do the two aircraft carriers compare? Lets find out in this episode of The Infographics Show: Nimitz Class vs Gerald R Ford Class ⭐SUBSCRIBE: ⭐
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2010 Pakistan floods
The floods in Pakistan began in late July 2010, resulting from heavy monsoon rains in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Punjab and, Balochistan regions of Pakistan, which affected the Indus River basin. Approximately one-fifth of Pakistan's total land area was underwater, approximately 796,095 square kilometres. According to Pakistani government data, the floods directly affected about 20 million people, mostly by destruction of property, livelihood and infrastructure, with a death toll of close to 2,000.
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon had initially asked for US$460 million for emergency relief, noting that the flood was the worst disaster he had ever seen. Only 20% of the relief funds requested had been received on 15 August 2010. The U.N. had been concerned that aid was not arriving fast enough, and the World Health Organization reported that ten million people were forced to drink unsafe water. The Pakistani economy was harmed by extensive damage to infrastructure and crops. Damage to structures was estimated to exceed US$4 billion, and wheat crop damages were estimated to be over US$500 million. Total economic impact may have been as much as US$43 billion.
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Pope Francis | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Pope Francis
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Pope Francis (Latin: Franciscus; Italian: Francesco; Spanish: Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio; 17 December 1936) is the 266th and current Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State. Francis is the first Jesuit pope, the first from the Americas, the first from the Southern Hemisphere, and the first pope from outside Europe since the Syrian Gregory III, who reigned in the 8th century.
Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Bergoglio was ordained a Catholic priest in 1969, and from 1973 to 1979 was Argentina's provincial superior of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). He became the Archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998 and was created a cardinal in 2001 by Pope John Paul II. He led the Argentine Church during the December 2001 riots in Argentina. The administrations of Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner considered him a political rival. Following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI on 28 February 2013, a papal conclave elected Bergoglio as his successor on 13 March. He chose Francis as his papal name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi.
Throughout his public life, Pope Francis has been noted for his humility, emphasis on God's mercy, international visibility as Pope, concern for the poor and commitment to interfaith dialogue. He is credited with having a less formal approach to the papacy than his predecessors, for instance choosing to reside in the Domus Sanctae Marthae guesthouse rather than in the papal apartments of the Apostolic Palace used by previous popes. He maintains that the Church should be more open and welcoming. He does not support unbridled capitalism, Marxism, or Marxist versions of liberation theology. Francis maintains the traditional views of the Church regarding abortion, marriage, ordination of women, and clerical celibacy. He opposes consumerism and overdevelopment, and supports taking action on climate change, a focus of his papacy with the promulgation of Laudato si'. In international diplomacy, he helped to restore full diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba. Since 2016, Francis has faced increasingly open criticism, particularly from theological conservatives, on the question of admitting civilly divorced and remarried Catholics to Communion with the publication of Amoris Laetitia, and on the question of alleged systematic cover up of clergy sexual abuse.
Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:32 1 Pre-war military
00:01:12 2 Beginning of the conflict
00:03:26 3 Western and northern Europe, 1940 and 1941
00:03:38 3.1 Norwegian campaign
00:05:53 3.2 The Battle of France
00:10:32 4 The war at sea
00:11:20 4.1 Opening moves
00:12:05 4.2 Battle of the Atlantic
00:12:39 4.2.1 First 'Happy Time'
00:14:24 4.2.2 Second 'Happy Time'
00:15:08 4.2.3 Success against the U-boats
00:16:55 4.2.4 Arctic convoys
00:17:37 4.3 The Mediterranean
00:19:27 4.3.1 Battle of Taranto
00:20:13 4.3.2 Battle of Matapan
00:21:05 4.3.3 Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete
00:23:15 4.3.4 Malta
00:24:34 4.3.5 Large-scale invasions
00:25:55 4.3.6 Aegean sweep
00:26:41 4.4 Operation Overlord and the Normandy landings
00:29:05 4.5 The East
00:29:13 4.5.1 Indian Ocean disaster
00:31:50 4.5.2 Indian Ocean retreat
00:32:48 4.5.3 Indian Ocean strike
00:34:14 4.5.4 Blockade of Japan
00:35:05 5 The North African desert, Middle East, and Africa
00:36:15 5.1 The Offensive
00:37:20 5.2 Iraq, Syria and Persia
00:40:19 5.3 Ethiopia
00:44:24 5.4 War in the Western Desert
00:47:34 5.5 Operation Torch and El Alamein
00:51:20 5.6 Battle for Tunisia
00:52:53 6 The Italian campaign
00:53:30 6.1 Invasion of Sicily
00:54:42 6.2 Surrender of Italy
00:58:05 6.3 The Winter Line, Anzio and the Battle of Monte Cassino
01:00:12 6.4 Breakthrough to Rome
01:03:13 6.5 The Gothic Line and victory in Italy
01:06:41 7 The liberation of Europe
01:06:51 7.1 Operation Overlord
01:09:53 7.1.1 Controversies
01:13:45 7.2 Breakout from Normandy
01:15:50 7.3 Riviera invasion
01:16:36 7.4 Operation Market Garden
01:18:57 7.5 Walcheren
01:19:57 7.6 Battle of the Bulge
01:22:07 7.7 Crossing the Rhine and final surrender
01:24:45 8 The Far East
01:25:25 8.1 Disaster in Malaya and Singapore
01:28:44 8.2 Burma Campaign
01:29:29 8.2.1 Forced out of Burma
01:33:45 8.2.2 Forgotten army
01:36:29 8.2.3 Kohima and Imphal
01:38:34 8.2.4 Burma retaken
01:40:38 8.2.5 Malaya
01:41:30 8.3 Okinawa and Japan
01:42:38 9 The air war
01:42:47 9.1 Battle of Britain: 1940
01:44:22 9.2 Strategic bombing theory
01:46:05 9.3 Combined bomber offensive
01:53:24 9.4 Airfields
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Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The United Kingdom, along with most of its Dominions and Crown colonies declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939, after the German invasion of Poland. War with Japan began in December 1941, after it attacked British colonies in Asia. The Axis powers were defeated by the Allies in 1945.For the domestic history see home fronts during World War II and Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II.
History of Western civilization | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Western civilization
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- learn while on the move
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean. It is linked to the Roman Empire and with Medieval Western Christendom which emerged from the Middle Ages to experience such transformative episodes as the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution, scientific revolution, and the development of liberal democracy. The civilizations of Classical Greece and Ancient Rome are considered seminal periods in Western history; a few cultural contributions also emerged from the pagan peoples of pre-Christian Europe, such as the Celts and Germans, as well as some significant religious contributions derived from Judaism and Hellenistic Judaism stemming back to Second Temple Judea, Galilee, and the early Jewish diaspora; and some other Middle Eastern influences. Christianity and Roman Catholicism has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, which throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture. (There were Christians outside of the West, such as China, India, Russia, Byzantium and the Middle East). Western civilization has spread to produce the dominant cultures of modern Americas and Oceania, and has had immense global influence in recent centuries in many ways.
Following the 5th century Fall of Rome, Western Europe entered the Middle Ages, during which period the Catholic Church filled the power vacuum left in the West by the fall of the Western Roman Empire, while the Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire) endured in the East for centuries, becoming a Hellenic Eastern contrast to the Latin West. By the 12th century, Western Europe was experiencing a flowering of art and learning, propelled by the construction of cathedrals and the establishment of medieval universities. Christian unity was shattered by the Reformation from the 16th century. A merchant class grew out of city states, initially in the Italian peninsula (see Italian city-states), and Europe experienced the Renaissance from the 14th to the 17th century, heralding an age of technological and artistic advance and ushering in the Age of Discovery which saw the rise of such global European Empires as those of Spain and Portugal.
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18th century. Under the influence of the Enlightenment, the Age of Revolution emerged from the United States and France as part of the transformation of the West into its industrialised, democratised modern form. The lands of North and South America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand became first part of European Empires and then home to new Western nations, while Africa and Asia were largely carved up between Western powers. Laboratories of Western democracy were founded in Britain's colonies in Australasia from the mid-19th centuries, while South America largely created new autocracies. In the 20th century, absolute monarchy disappeared from Europe, and despite episodes of Fascism and Communism, by the close of the century, virtually all of Europe was electing its leaders democratically. Most Western nations were heavily involved in the First and Second World Wars and protracted Cold War. World War II saw Fascism defeated in Europe, and the emergence of the United States and Soviet Union as rival global powers and a new East-West political contrast.
Other than in Russia, the European Empires disintegrated after World War II and civil rights movements and widescale multi-ethnic, multi-faith migrations to Europe, the Americas and Oceania lowered the earlier predominance of ethnic Europeans in Western culture. European nations moved towards greater economic and political co-operation through the European Union. The Cold War ended around 1990 with the collapse of Soviet imposed Communism in Central and Eastern Europe. In the 21st century, the Western World retains significant global economic power and influ ...
History of India | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of India
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the advancement of civilisation from the Indus Valley Civilisation to the eventual blending of the Indo-Aryan culture to form the Vedic Civilisation; the rise of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than three millennia throughout various geographic areas of the Indian subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dominions during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers; the advent of European traders and privateers, resulting in the establishment of British India; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India.Archaeological evidence of anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is estimated to be as old as 73,000–55,000 years with some evidence of early hominids dating back to about 500,000 years ago. Considered a cradle of civilisation, the Indus Valley Civilisation, which spread and flourished in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent from 3300 to 1300 BCE, was the first major civilisation in South Asia. A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE. This civilisation collapsed at the start of the second millennium BCE and was later followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilisation. The era saw the composition of the Vedas, the seminal texts of Hinduism, coalesce into Janapadas (monarchical, state-level polities), and social stratification based on caste. The Later Vedic Civilisation extended over the Indo-Gangetic plain and much of the Indian subcontinent, as well as witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Gautama Buddha and Mahavira propagated their Śramaṇic philosophies during the fifth and sixth centuries BCE.
Most of the Indian subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. From the 3rd century BCE onwards Prakrit and Pali literature in the north and the Tamil Sangam literature in southern India started to flourish. Wootz steel originated in south India in the 3rd century BCE and was exported to foreign countries. During the Classical period, various parts of India were ruled by numerous dynasties for the next 1,500 years, among which the Gupta Empire stands out. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or Golden Age of India. During this period, aspects of Indian civilisation, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia, while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia, which led to the establishment of Indianised kingdoms in Southeast Asia (Greater India).The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centred on Kannauj that lasted for more than two centuries between the Pala Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, and Gurjara-Pratihara Empire. Southern India saw the rise of multiple imperial powers from the middle of the fifth century, most notable being the Chalukya, Chola, Pallava, Chera, Pandyan, and Western Chalukya Empires. The Chola dynasty conquered southern India and successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Bengal in the 11th century. The early medieval period Indian mathematics influenced the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Arab world and the Hindu numerals were introduced.Muslim rule started in parts of north India in the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 CE by Central Asian Turks; though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into modern Afghanistan and Pakistan as early as the 8th century. The Delhi Sultanate ruled the major part o ...