Best Attractions and Places to See in Hereford, England
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List of Best Things to do in Hereford, England
Chase Distillery
Mappa Mundi & Chained Library Exhibitions
Hereford Cathedral
Monkland Cheese Dairy
The Black and White House Museum
The Weir Garden
Berrington Hall
Hereford Cider Museum
Waterworks Museum - Hereford
Brobury House Gardens
Chained Libraries
From the PBS series, history of the computer, this segment about Chained Libraries
Magna Carta | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:05:31 1 History
00:05:40 1.1 13th century
00:05:50 1.1.1 Background
00:10:33 1.1.2 Great Charter of 1215
00:16:41 1.1.2.1 Lists of participants in 1215
00:16:52 1.1.3 Great Charter of 1216
00:19:10 1.1.4 Great Charter of 1217
00:22:44 1.1.5 Great Charter of 1225
00:28:42 1.1.5.1 Witnesses in 1225
00:28:51 1.1.6 Great Charter of 1297: statute
00:32:18 1.1.7 Magna Carta's influence on English medieval law
00:33:45 1.2 14th–15th centuries
00:35:31 1.3 16th century
00:39:07 1.4 17th–18th centuries
00:39:18 1.4.1 Political tensions
00:44:28 1.4.2 Glorious Revolution
00:47:53 1.4.3 Use in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States
00:51:35 1.5 19th–21st centuries
00:51:47 1.5.1 Interpretation
00:55:02 1.5.2 Repeal of articles and constitutional influence
00:56:42 1.5.3 Modern legacy
01:00:10 1.5.4 Celebration of the 800th anniversary
01:01:59 2 Content
01:02:08 2.1 Physical format
01:03:13 2.2 Exemplifications
01:03:22 2.2.1 1215 exemplifications
01:08:11 2.2.2 Later exemplifications
01:11:54 2.3 Clauses
01:17:35 2.3.1 Clauses in detail
01:17:44 2.3.2 Clauses remaining in English law
01:19:48 3 See also
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for the Great Charter of the Liberties), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; Great Charter), is a charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War.
After John's death, the regency government of his young son, Henry III, reissued the document in 1216, stripped of some of its more radical content, in an unsuccessful bid to build political support for their cause. At the end of the war in 1217, it formed part of the peace treaty agreed at Lambeth, where the document acquired the name Magna Carta, to distinguish it from the smaller Charter of the Forest which was issued at the same time. Short of funds, Henry reissued the charter again in 1225 in exchange for a grant of new taxes. His son, Edward I, repeated the exercise in 1297, this time confirming it as part of England's statute law. The charter became part of English political life and was typically renewed by each monarch in turn, although as time went by and the fledgling Parliament of England passed new laws, it lost some of its practical significance.
At the end of the 16th century there was an upsurge in interest in Magna Carta. Lawyers and historians at the time believed that there was an ancient English constitution, going back to the days of the Anglo-Saxons, that protected individual English freedoms. They argued that the Norman invasion of 1066 had overthrown these rights, and that Magna Carta had been a popular attempt to restore them, making the charter an essential foundation for the contemporary powers of Parliament and legal principles such as habeas corpus. Although this historical account was badly flawed, jurists such as Sir Edward Coke used Magna Carta extensively in the early 17th century, arguing against the divine right of kings propounded by the Stuart monarchs. Both James I and his son Charles I attempted to suppress the discussion of Magna Carta, until the issue was curtailed by the English Civil War of the 1640s and the execution of Charles. The political myth of Magna Carta and its protection of ancient personal liberties persisted afte ...