Diocletian | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:26 1 Early life
00:05:59 1.1 Death of Numerian
00:08:37 1.2 Conflict with Carinus
00:11:31 2 Early rule
00:13:49 2.1 Maximian made co-emperor
00:16:26 2.2 Conflict with Sarmatia and Persia
00:19:09 2.3 Maximian made Augustus
00:25:32 3 Tetrarchy
00:25:41 3.1 Foundation of the Tetrarchy
00:27:45 3.2 Demise of Carausius' breakaway Roman Empire
00:29:33 3.3 Conflict in the Balkans and Egypt
00:33:25 3.4 War with Persia
00:33:34 3.4.1 Invasion, counterinvasion
00:36:39 3.4.2 Peace negotiations
00:39:08 4 Religious persecutions
00:39:18 4.1 Early persecutions
00:42:01 4.2 Great Persecution
00:46:19 5 Later life
00:46:29 5.1 Illness and abdication
00:51:05 5.2 Retirement and death
00:53:27 6 Reforms
00:53:36 6.1 Tetrarchic and ideological
00:56:33 6.2 Administrative
01:03:33 6.3 Legal
01:08:17 6.4 Military
01:12:25 6.5 Economic
01:12:34 6.5.1 Taxation
01:16:26 6.5.2 Currency and inflation
01:21:03 6.5.3 Social and professional mobility
01:21:47 7 Legacy
01:25:04 8 Family tree
01:25:14 9 See also
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Diocletian (; Latin: Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus), born Diocles (22 December 244 – 3 December 311), was a Roman emperor from 284 to 305. Born to a family of low status in Dalmatia, Diocletian rose through the ranks of the military to become Roman cavalry commander to the Emperor Carus. After the deaths of Carus and his son Numerian on campaign in Persia, Diocletian was proclaimed emperor. The title was also claimed by Carus' surviving son, Carinus, but Diocletian defeated him in the Battle of the Margus.
Diocletian's reign stabilized the empire and marks the end of the Crisis of the Third Century. He appointed fellow officer Maximian as Augustus, co-emperor, in 286. Diocletian reigned in the Eastern Empire, and Maximian reigned in the Western Empire. Diocletian delegated further on 1 March 293, appointing Galerius and Constantius as Caesars, junior co-emperors, under himself and Maximian respectively. Under this 'tetrarchy', or rule of four, each emperor would rule over a quarter-division of the empire. Diocletian secured the empire's borders and purged it of all threats to his power. He defeated the Sarmatians and Carpi during several campaigns between 285 and 299, the Alamanni in 288, and usurpers in Egypt between 297 and 298. Galerius, aided by Diocletian, campaigned successfully against Sassanid Persia, the empire's traditional enemy. In 299 he sacked their capital, Ctesiphon. Diocletian led the subsequent negotiations and achieved a lasting and favourable peace.
Diocletian separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services and reorganized the empire's provincial divisions, establishing the largest and most bureaucratic government in the history of the empire. He established new administrative centres in Nicomedia, Mediolanum, Sirmium, and Trevorum, closer to the empire's frontiers than the traditional capital at Rome. Building on third-century trends towards absolutism, he styled himself an autocrat, elevating himself above the empire's masses with imposing forms of court ceremonies and architecture. Bureaucratic and military growth, constant campaigning, and construction projects increased the state's expenditures and necessitated a comprehensive tax reform. From at least 297 on, imperial taxation was standardized, made more equitable, and levied at generally higher rates.
Not all of Diocletian's plans were successful: the Edict on Maximum Prices (301), his attempt to curb inflation via price controls, was counterproductive and quickly ignored. Although effective while he ruled, Diocletian's tetrarchic system collapsed after his abdication under the competing dynastic claims of Maxentius and Constantine, sons of Maximian and Constantius respect ...
Pannonia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Pannonia
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Pannonia () was a province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located over the territory of the present-day western Hungary, eastern Austria, northern Croatia, north-western Serbia, northern Slovenia, western Slovakia and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.