Groton, Connecticut - Past, Present, Future
From its earliest beginnings, Groton, Connecticut held a unique charm, one that attracted its founder, John Winthrop, Jr. to settle here in 1645. Incorporated in 1705, the Town of Groton began its rich history. Journey through time and see why this southern New England town still holds the same unique charm it did 300 years ago. #grotonct #newengland #connecticut #history
Illuminati The Rothschild Bloodline Financial Wizzards & Wealthy Cults
Illuminati - The Rothschild Bloodline Financial Wizzards & Wealthy Cults
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Liz Thomas '07
With a mix of storytelling, how-to tips, and gear show-and-tell, record-holding hiker and award-winning author Liz Thomas ’07 shares lessons from 17,000 miles in the mountains. Honoring the 50th anniversary of the National Trails Act, she explores the legacy and the future of trails, conservation, and outdoor recreation in America.
United States Capitol | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
United States Capitol
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol Building, is the home of the United States Congress, and the seat of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Though no longer at the geographic center of the Federal District, the Capitol forms the origin point for the District's street-numbering system and the District's four quadrants.
The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded, particularly with the addition of the massive dome, and expanded chambers for the bicameral legislature, the House of Representatives in the south wing and the Senate in the north wing. Like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior. Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to as fronts, though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries.
Oshawa
Oshawa is a city in Ontario, Canada, on the Lake Ontario shoreline. It lies in Southern Ontario approximately 60 kilometres east of downtown Toronto. It is commonly viewed as the eastern anchor of the Greater Toronto Area and of the Golden Horseshoe. It is the largest municipality in the Regional Municipality of Durham. The name Oshawa originates from the Ojibwa term aazhaway, meaning the crossing place or just (a)cross.
Oshawa’s roots are tied to the automobile industry, specifically the Canadian division of General Motors Company, known as General Motors Canada. Founded in 1876 as the McLaughlin Carriage Company, General Motors of Canada's headquarters are located in the city. The automotive industry was the inspiration for Oshawa's previous mottos: The City That Motovates Canada, and The City in Motion. The lavish home of the carriage company's founder, Parkwood Estate, is a National Historic Site of Canada, and a backdrop favoured by numerous film crews, featured in many movies including Studio 54, Billy Madison, Chicago, and X-Men.
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Andrew Jackson | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Andrew Jackson
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of Congress. As president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the common man against a corrupt aristocracy and to preserve the Union.
Born in the colonial Carolinas to a Scotch-Irish family in the decade before the American Revolutionary War, Jackson became a frontier lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards. He served briefly in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate representing Tennessee. After resigning, he served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804. Jackson purchased a property later known as The Hermitage, and became a wealthy, slaveowning planter. In 1801, he was appointed colonel of the Tennessee militia and was elected its commander the following year. He led troops during the Creek War of 1813–1814, winning the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The subsequent Treaty of Fort Jackson required the Creek surrender of vast lands in present-day Alabama and Georgia. In the concurrent war against the British, Jackson's victory in 1815 at the Battle of New Orleans made him a national hero. Jackson then led U.S. forces in the First Seminole War, which led to the annexation of Florida from Spain. Jackson briefly served as Florida's first territorial governor before returning to the Senate. He ran for president in 1824, winning a plurality of the popular and electoral vote. As no candidate won an electoral majority, the House of Representatives elected John Quincy Adams in a contingent election. In reaction to the alleged corrupt bargain between Adams and Henry Clay and the ambitious agenda of President Adams, Jackson's supporters founded the Democratic Party.
Jackson ran again in 1828, defeating Adams in a landslide. Jackson faced the threat of secession by South Carolina over what opponents called the Tariff of Abominations. The crisis was defused when the tariff was amended, and Jackson threatened the use of military force if South Carolina attempted to secede. In Congress, Henry Clay led the effort to reauthorize the Second Bank of the United States. Jackson, regarding the Bank as a corrupt institution, vetoed the renewal of its charter. After a lengthy struggle, Jackson and his allies thoroughly dismantled the Bank. In 1835, Jackson became the only president to completely pay off the national debt, fulfilling a longtime goal. His presidency marked the beginning of the ascendancy of the party spoils system in American politics. In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which forcibly relocated most members of the Native American tribes in the South to Indian Territory. In foreign affairs, Jackson's administration concluded a most favored nation treaty with Great Britain, settled claims of damages against France from the Napoleonic Wars, and recognized the Republic of Texas. In January 1835, he survived the first assassination attempt on a sitting president.
In his retirement, Jackson remained active in Democratic Party politics, supporting the presidencies of Martin Van Buren and James K. Polk. Though fearful of its effects on the slavery debate, Jackson advocated the annexation of Texas, which was accomplished shortly before his death. Jackson has been widely revered in the United States as an advocate for democracy and the common man. Many of his actions, such as those during the Bank War, proved divisive, garnering both fervent support and strong opposition from many in the country. His reputation has suffered since the 1970s, largely due to his role in Indian removal. Surveys of historians and scholars have ranked Jackson favorably among United States presidents.
Princeton, New Jersey | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Princeton, New Jersey
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, that was established in its current form on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township. As of the 2010 United States Census, the municipality's population was 28,572, reflecting the former township's population of 16,265, along with the 12,307 in the former borough.Princeton was founded before the American Revolution and is best known as the home of Princeton University, located in the community since 1756. Although its association with the university is primarily what makes Princeton a college town, other important institutions in the area include the Institute for Advanced Study, Westminster Choir College, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton Theological Seminary, Opinion Research Corporation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Siemens Corporate Research, SRI International, FMC Corporation, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Amrep, Church and Dwight, Berlitz International, and Dow Jones & Company.
Princeton is roughly equidistant from New York City and Philadelphia. It is close to many major highways that serve both cities (e.g. Interstate 95 and US Route 1), and receives major television and radio broadcasts from each. It is also close to Trenton, New Jersey's capital city, and Edison.
The New Jersey governor’s official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in what was then Princeton Borough became the first Governor's mansion. It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a colonial mansion located in the former Township. Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society.
Princeton was ranked 15th of the top 100 towns in the United States to Live and Work In by Money Magazine in 2005.
Throughout much of its history, the community was composed of two separate municipalities: a township and a borough. The central borough was completely surrounded by the township. The borough seceded from the township in 1894 in a dispute over school taxes; the two municipalities later formed the Princeton Public Schools, and some other public services were conducted together before they were reunited into a single Princeton in January 2013. Princeton Borough contained Nassau Street, the main commercial street, most of the University campus, and incorporated most of the urban area until the postwar suburbanization. The borough and township had roughly equal populations.
Lucy Stone | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Lucy Stone
00:02:05 1 Early life and influences
00:04:27 1.1 Teaching at a woman's pay
00:05:27 1.2 The woman question
00:08:51 2 Oberlin
00:09:42 2.1 Equal pay strike
00:11:25 2.2 Public speaking
00:14:05 3 Antislavery apprenticeship
00:16:51 4 National Woman's Rights Convention
00:19:33 5 Woman's rights orator
00:20:48 5.1 Dress reform
00:24:04 5.2 Expulsion from church
00:25:07 5.3 Issues of divorce
00:26:36 5.4 Differences with Douglass
00:27:17 5.5 Western tour
00:29:13 6 Petitioning and hearings
00:29:41 6.1 Massachusetts
00:30:47 6.2 Multi-state campaigns
00:34:42 6.3 Tax protest
00:35:48 7 Marriage
00:39:15 7.1 Keeping her name
00:40:55 7.2 Children
00:41:24 8 Waning activism
00:45:27 9 National organizations
00:45:37 9.1 American Equal Rights Association
00:47:31 9.2 Split within the women's movement
00:51:16 9.3 Divorce and free love
00:53:51 10 Voting rights
00:54:25 10.1 New England Woman Suffrage Association
00:55:00 10.2 iWoman's Journal/i
00:56:23 10.3 The Colorado Lesson
00:57:38 10.4 School board vote
00:58:11 11 Reconciliation
01:00:49 12 Final appearance
01:03:48 13 Legacy
01:06:31 14 Home
01:08:08 15 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Lucy Stone (August 13, 1818 – October 18, 1893) was a prominent U.S. orator, abolitionist, and suffragist, and a vocal advocate and organizer promoting rights for women. In 1847, Stone became the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree. She spoke out for women's rights and against slavery at a time when women were discouraged and prevented from public speaking. Stone was known for using her birth name after marriage, the custom being for women to take their husband's surname.
Stone's organizational activities for the cause of women's rights yielded tangible gains in the difficult political environment of the 19th century. Stone helped initiate the first National Women's Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts and she supported and sustained it annually, along with a number of other local, state and regional activist conventions. Stone spoke in front of a number of legislative bodies to promote laws giving more rights to women. She assisted in establishing the Woman's National Loyal League to help pass the Thirteenth Amendment and thereby abolish slavery, after which she helped form the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), which built support for a woman suffrage Constitutional amendment by winning woman suffrage at the state and local levels.
Stone wrote extensively about a wide range of women's rights, publishing and distributing speeches by herself and others, and convention proceedings. In the long-running and influential Woman's Journal, a weekly periodical that she founded and promoted, Stone aired both her own and differing views about women's rights. Called the orator, the morning star and the heart and soul of the women's rights movement, Stone influenced Susan B. Anthony to take up the cause of women's suffrage. Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote that Lucy Stone was the first person by whom the heart of the American public was deeply stirred on the woman question. Together, Anthony, Stanton, and Stone have been called the 19th-century triumvirate of women's suffrage and feminism.
Chile | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Chile
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chile ( (listen); Spanish: [ˈtʃile]), officially the Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chile ), is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule in the north and centre, but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic. In the 19th century, Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth, ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific (1879–83) after defeating Peru and Bolivia. In the 1960s and 1970s, the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. This development culminated with the 1973 Chilean coup d'état that overthrew Salvador Allende's democratically elected left-wing government and instituted a 16-year-long right-wing military dictatorship that left more than 3,000 people dead or missing. The regime, headed by Augusto Pinochet, ended in 1990 after it lost a referendum in 1988 and was succeeded by a center-left coalition which ruled through four presidencies until 2010.
The modern sovereign state of Chile is among South America's most economically and socially stable and prosperous nations, with a high-income economy and high living standards. It leads Latin American nations in rankings of human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, state of peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. It also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state, and democratic development. Chile is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), joining in 2010. Currently it also has the lowest homicide rate in South America. Chile is a founding member of the United Nations, the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC).
Rutgers University | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Rutgers University
00:01:41 1 History
00:01:50 1.1 Colonial period
00:04:07 1.2 Financial troubles and a benefactor
00:06:06 1.3 Land-grant college
00:07:19 1.4 State University
00:09:32 1.5 Today
00:12:27 2 Organization and administration
00:12:37 2.1 University president
00:14:54 2.2 Governing boards
00:16:21 2.3 Affiliations
00:16:48 3 Locations and divisions
00:17:36 3.1 Rutgers–New Brunswick
00:20:48 3.2 Rutgers–Newark
00:21:29 3.3 Rutgers–Camden
00:22:11 3.4 Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences
00:23:37 3.5 Rutgers-Online
00:24:16 3.6 Off-campus
00:25:04 4 Academics
00:25:13 4.1 Profile
00:27:03 4.2 Libraries
00:30:08 4.3 Museums and collections
00:32:06 4.4 Admissions and financial aid
00:35:40 4.5 Rankings
00:38:59 4.6 Study abroad
00:39:37 5 Research
00:43:10 6 Student life
00:43:19 6.1 Residential life
00:44:48 6.2 Security and emergency services
00:45:12 6.3 Student organizations and activities
00:50:11 6.4 Traditions
00:53:36 6.5 Colors, mottos and mascots
00:56:06 7 Athletics
01:04:28 8 Notable people
01:04:37 8.1 Alumni
01:08:03 8.2 Faculty
01:09:59 9 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (), commonly referred to as Rutgers University, Rutgers, or RU, is a public research university in New Jersey. It is the largest institution of higher education in New Jersey.
Rutgers was originally chartered as Queen's College on November 10, 1766. It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. The college was renamed Rutgers College in 1825 in honor of Colonel Henry Rutgers. For most of its existence, Rutgers was a private liberal arts college but it evolved into a coeducational public research university after being designated The State University of New Jersey by the New Jersey Legislature in laws enacted in 1945 and 1956.Rutgers has three campuses located throughout New Jersey: the original New Brunswick campus in New Brunswick and adjacent Piscataway, the Newark campus, and the Camden campus. The university has additional facilities elsewhere in the state. Instruction is offered by 9,000 faculty members in 175 academic departments to over 45,000 undergraduate students and more than 20,000 graduate and professional students. The university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and is a member of the Big Ten Academic Alliance, the Association of American Universities and the Universities Research Association. The New Brunswick campus was categorized by Howard and Matthew Green in their book titled The Public Ivies: America's Flagship Public Universities (2001) as a Public Ivy.
List of federal political scandals in the United States | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
List of federal political scandals in the United States
00:00:10 1 Scope and organization of political scandals
00:02:50 2 Federal government scandals
00:03:00 2.1 Donald Trump administration (2017–present)
00:03:11 2.1.1 Executive Branch
00:08:36 2.1.2 Legislative Branch
00:11:53 2.1.3 Judicial Branch
00:12:12 2.2 Barack Obama administration (2009–2017)
00:12:24 2.2.1 Executive Branch
00:15:59 2.2.2 Legislative Branch
00:25:36 2.2.3 Judicial Branch
00:27:12 2.3 George W. Bush administration (2001–2009)
00:27:21 2.3.1 Executive Branch
00:45:15 2.3.2 Legislative Branch
00:52:39 2.4 Bill Clinton administration (1993–2001)
00:52:51 2.4.1 Executive Branch
00:54:44 2.4.2 Legislative Branch
00:59:56 2.5 George H. W. Bush administration (1989–1993)
01:00:05 2.5.1 Executive Branch
01:01:44 2.5.2 Legislative Branch
01:02:40 2.5.3 Judicial Branch
01:03:06 2.6 Ronald Reagan administration (1981–1989)
01:03:19 2.6.1 Executive Branch
01:15:06 2.6.2 Legislative Branch
01:19:52 2.6.3 Judicial Branch
01:20:21 2.7 James E. Carter administration (1977–1981)
01:20:30 2.7.1 Executive Branch
01:20:47 2.7.2 Legislative branch
01:23:29 2.7.3 Judicial
01:24:07 2.8 Gerald Ford administration (1974–1977)
01:24:20 2.8.1 Executive Branch
01:24:52 2.8.2 Legislative Branch
01:26:53 2.9 Richard M. Nixon administration (1969–1974)
01:27:02 2.9.1 Executive Branch
01:31:48 2.9.2 Legislative Branch
01:34:06 2.9.3 Judicial Branch
01:35:11 2.10 Lyndon B. Johnson administration (1963–1969)
01:35:20 2.10.1 Executive Branch
01:35:41 2.10.2 Legislative Branch
01:36:54 2.10.3 Judicial Branch
01:37:14 2.11 John F. Kennedy administration (1961–1963)
01:37:23 2.11.1 Legislative Branch
01:38:05 2.12 Dwight D. Eisenhower administration (1953–1961)
01:38:14 2.12.1 Executive Branch
01:39:09 2.12.2 Legislative Branch
01:40:29 2.13 Harry S. Truman administration (1945–1953)
01:40:38 2.13.1 Executive Branch
01:41:11 2.13.2 Legislative Branch
01:42:20 2.14 Franklin Delano Roosevelt administration (1933–1945)
01:42:34 2.14.1 Executive Branch
01:42:53 2.14.2 Legislative Branch
01:43:29 2.14.3 Judicial Branch
01:44:22 2.15 Herbert Hoover administration (1929–1933)
01:44:34 2.15.1 Legislative Branch
01:45:13 2.16 Calvin Coolidge administration (1923–1929)
01:45:25 2.16.1 Executive
01:45:57 2.16.2 Legislative
01:46:48 2.16.3 Judicial
01:47:08 2.17 Warren G. Harding administration (1921–1923)
01:47:16 2.17.1 Executive Branch
01:48:51 2.17.2 Legislative Branch
01:49:42 2.18 Woodrow Wilson administration (1913–1921)
01:49:55 2.18.1 Executive Branch
01:50:24 2.19 William Howard Taft administration (1909–1913)
01:50:37 2.19.1 Legislative Branch
01:51:13 2.19.2 Judicial Branch
01:51:43 2.20 Theodore Roosevelt administration (1901–1909)
01:51:56 2.20.1 Legislative Branch
01:52:40 2.20.2 Judicial Branch
01:53:01 2.21 William McKinley administration (1897–1901)
01:53:14 2.21.1 Executive Branch
01:53:55 2.21.2 Legislative Branch
01:54:35 2.22 Grover Cleveland administration (1885–1889)
01:54:47 2.22.1 Legislative Branch
01:55:09 2.23 Chester A. Arthur administration (1881–1885)
01:55:18 2.23.1 Executive Branch
01:55:49 2.24 James A. Garfield administration (1881–1881)
01:55:58 2.24.1 Legislative Branch
01:56:21 2.25 Rutherford B. Hayes administration (1877–1881)
01:56:30 2.25.1 Executive Branch
01:56:50 2.25.2 Judicial Branch
01:57:28 2.26 Ulysses S. Grant administration (1869–1877)
01:57:37 2.26.1 Executive Branch
01:59:45 2.26.2 Legislative Branch
02:00:53 2.26.3 Judicial Branch
02:01:54 2.27 Andrew Johnson administration (1865–1869)
02:02:07 2.27.1 Executive branch
02:02:25 2.28 Abraham Lincoln administration (1861–1865)
02:02:38 2.28.1 Executive Branch
02:03:15 2.28.2 Legislative Branch
02:04:05 2.29 James Buchanan administration (1857–1861)
02:04:18 2.29.1 Legislative Branch
02:05:01 2.30 Zachary Taylor administration (1849–1850)
02:05:13 2.30.1 Executive Branch
02:05:44 2.31 Andrew Jackson administrations (1829–1836)
02:05:57 2.31.1 Executive Branch
02:06:41 2.31.2 Legislative Branch
02:07:07 2.32 James Monroe administrations (1817–1824)
02:07:20 2.32.1 Legislative Branch
02:07:36 2.33 Thomas Jefferson administrations (1801–1808)
02:07:48 2.33.1 Executive Branch
02:08:36 2.33.2 Judicial Branch
02:09:08 2.34 John Adams administration (1797–1800)
02:09:20 2.34.1 Executive Branch
02:09:49 2.34.2 Legislative Branch
02:10:18 2.35 George Washington administration (1789–1796)
02:10:30 2.35.1 Legislative Branch
02:10:49 2.36 Government under the Articles of Confederation (1777–1788)
02:11:03 2.36.1 Executive Branch
02:11:24 2.36.2 Legislative Branch
02:11:47 3 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954) | Wikipedia audio article | Wikipedia audio ...
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954) | Wikipedia audio article
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954) was a long, primarily nonviolent series of events to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. The era has had a lasting impact on United States society, in its tactics, the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights, and in its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism.
Two United States Supreme Court decisions—Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), which upheld separate but equal racial segregation as constitutional doctrine, and Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) which overturned Plessy—serve as milestones. This was an era of new beginnings, in which some movements, such as Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association, were very successful but left little lasting legacy, while others, such as the NAACP's painstaking legal assault on state-sponsored segregation, achieved modest results in its early years but made steady progress on voter rights and gradually built to a key victory in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
After the Civil War, the US expanded the legal rights of African Americans. Congress passed, and enough states ratified, an amendment ending slavery in 1865—the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution. This amendment only outlawed slavery; it provided neither citizenship nor equal rights. In 1868, the 14th Amendment was ratified by the states, granting African Americans citizenship. All persons born in the US were extended equal protection under the laws of the Constitution. The 15th Amendment (ratified in 1870) stated that race could not be used as a condition to deprive men of the ability to vote. During Reconstruction (1865–1877), Northern troops occupied the South. Together with the Freedmen's Bureau, they tried to administer and enforce the new constitutional amendments. Many black leaders were elected to local and state offices, and many others organized community groups, especially to support education.
Reconstruction ended following the Compromise of 1877 between Northern and Southern white elites. In exchange for deciding the contentious Presidential election in favor of Rutherford B. Hayes, supported by Northern states, over his opponent, Samuel J. Tilden, the compromise called for the withdrawal of Northern troops from the South. This followed violence and fraud in southern elections from 1868 to 1876, which had reduced black voter turnout and enabled Southern white Democrats to regain power in state legislatures across the South. The compromise and withdrawal of Federal troops meant that white Democrats had more freedom to impose and enforce discriminatory practices. Many African Americans responded to the withdrawal of federal troops by leaving the South in what is known as the Kansas Exodus of 1879.
The Radical Republicans, who spearheaded Reconstruction, had attempted to eliminate both governmental and private discrimination by legislation. That effort was largely ended by the Supreme Court's decision in the Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883), in which the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment did not give Congress power to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals or businesses.
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African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954)
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SUMMARY
=======
The African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954) was a long, primarily nonviolent series of events to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. The era has had a lasting impact on United States society, in its tactics, the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights, and in its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism.
Two United States Supreme Court decisions—Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), which upheld separate but equal racial segregation as constitutional doctrine, and Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) which overturned Plessy—serve as milestones. This was an era of new beginnings, in which some movements, such as Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association, were very successful but left little lasting legacy, while others, such as the NAACP's painstaking legal assault on state-sponsored segregation, achieved modest results in its early years but made steady progress on voter rights and gradually built to a key victory in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
After the Civil War, the US expanded the legal rights of African Americans. Congress passed, and enough states ratified, an amendment ending slavery in 1865—the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution. This amendment only outlawed slavery; it provided neither citizenship nor equal rights. In 1868, the 14th Amendment was ratified by the states, granting African Americans citizenship. All persons born in the US were extended equal protection under the laws of the Constitution. The 15th Amendment (ratified in 1870) stated that race could not be used as a condition to deprive men of the ability to vote. During Reconstruction (1865–1877), Northern troops occupied the South. Together with the Freedmen's Bureau, they tried to administer and enforce the new constitutional amendments. Many black leaders were elected to local and state offices, and many others organized community groups, especially to support education.
Reconstruction ended following the Compromise of 1877 between Northern and Southern white elites. In exchange for deciding the contentious Presidential election in favor of Rutherford B. Hayes, supported by Northern states, over his opponent, Samuel J. Tilden, the compromise called for the withdrawal of Northern troops from the South. This followed violence and fraud in southern elections from 1868 to 1876, which had reduced black voter turnout and enabled Southern white Democrats to regain power in state legislatures across the South. The compromise and withdrawal of Federal troops meant that white Democrats had more freedom to impose and enforce discriminatory practices. Many African Americans responded to the withdrawal of federal troops by leaving the South in what is known as the Kansas Exodus of 1879.
The Radical Republicans, who spearheaded Reconstruction, had attempted to eliminate both governmental and private discrimination by legislation. That effort was largely ended by the Supreme Court's decision in the Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883), in which the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment did not give Congress power to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals or businesses.
African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954)
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954) was a long, primarily nonviolent series of events to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. The era has had a lasting impact on United States society, in its tactics, the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights, and in its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism.
Two United States Supreme Court decisions—Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), which upheld separate but equal racial segregation as constitutional doctrine, and Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) which overturned Plessy—serve as milestones. This was an era of new beginnings, in which some movements, such as Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association, were very successful but left little lasting legacy, while others, such as the NAACP's painstaking legal assault on state-sponsored segregation, achieved modest results in its early years but made steady progress on voter rights and gradually built to a key victory in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
After the Civil War, the US expanded the legal rights of African Americans. Congress passed, and enough states ratified, an amendment ending slavery in 1865—the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution. This amendment only outlawed slavery; it provided neither citizenship nor equal rights. In 1868, the 14th Amendment was ratified by the states, granting African Americans citizenship. All persons born in the US were extended equal protection under the laws of the Constitution. The 15th Amendment (ratified in 1870) stated that race could not be used as a condition to deprive men of the ability to vote. During Reconstruction (1865–1877), Northern troops occupied the South. Together with the Freedmen's Bureau, they tried to administer and enforce the new constitutional amendments. Many black leaders were elected to local and state offices, and many others organized community groups, especially to support education.
Reconstruction ended following the Compromise of 1877 between Northern and Southern white elites. In exchange for deciding the contentious Presidential election in favor of Rutherford B. Hayes, supported by Northern states, over his opponent, Samuel J. Tilden, the compromise called for the withdrawal of Northern troops from the South. This followed violence and fraud in southern elections from 1868 to 1876, which had reduced black voter turnout and enabled Southern white Democrats to regain power in state legislatures across the South. The compromise and withdrawal of Federal troops meant that white Democrats had more freedom to impose and enforce discriminatory practices. Many African Americans responded to the withdrawal of federal troops by leaving the South in what is known as the Kansas Exodus of 1879.
The Radical Republicans, who spearheaded Reconstruction, had attempted to eliminate both governmental and private discrimination by legislation. That effort was largely ended by the Supreme Court's decision in the Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883), in which the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment did not give Congress power to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals or businesses.