Hope Slide Jan 9,1965 || Aerial views || Beautiful British Columbia
The landslide was caused by the presence of pre-existing tectonic structures (faults and shear zones) within the southwestern slope of Johnson Ridge.[17] The lower parts of the slide scar are underlain by felsite sheets (which may have failed first) while the upper parts of the slide scar are underlain by highly jointed Paleozoic greenstone beds.[18] Ongoing weathering and tectonic activity weakened the slide mass to the point where it had reached limiting equilibrium. Johnson Peak was the site of a previous smaller prehistoric rock-slide.[19]
Just what triggered the 1965 landslide remains unclear; the two so-called earthquakes were likely too small to trigger the slide[20] and thus the seismic events were more likely caused by the impact of the landslide masses on the opposite valley wall. Changes in groundwater condition, often a trigger for landslides, is not thought to have played a role in the Hope Slide as the slide occurred during a protracted period of sub-zero temperatures in the winter, though some have suggested that freezing of seepage exit points may have caused an increase in water pressure at the toe of the slide.[21]
The highway has since been rerouted around and over the base of the slide's debris field 55 metres above the original ground level on the other side of valley. Most of the massive scar on the mountain face remains bare rock, without significant growth of trees or other large vegetation. It is quite easily visible from aircraft passing overhead.
A view point on Highway 3 allows tourists to view the scar.
A four kilometre stretch of the prior routing lays disused to the north of the new highway alignment.
Prior avalanche[edit]
Prior to the landslide, a small avalanche had forced five people to stop a few miles southeast of the town of Hope, British Columbia—150 kilometres (93 mi) east of Vancouver—on a stretch of the Hope-Princeton Highway below Johnson Peak.[5]
Landslide[edit]
Two earthquakes were said to have been recorded in the general area of the slide.[6] One quake occurred at 3:56 am and the second at 6:58 am. The slide that obliterated the mountain's southwestern slope was discovered when members of the RCMP detachment at Hope BC were dispatched to what were first reported as a couple of small rock slides. The first news reports of the slide were from CHWK Radio in Chilliwack where morning news reporter Gerry Pash and later news director Edgar Wilson filed voice reports with Broadcast News and Canadian Press.
The slide completely displaced the water and mud in Outram Lake[7] below with incredible force, throwing it against the opposite side of the valley, wiping all vegetation and trees down to the bare rock, then splashed back up the original, now bare, slope before settling. Recent research[8] shows that these impacts against the opposite valley sides produced the seismic signatures interpreted as earthquakes.
The slide buried a 1957 yellow Chevy convertible[9] that had become stuck in the first slide, an Arrow Transfer oil tanker truck, and a loaded hay truck that had stopped behind the tanker[10] under a torrent of 47 million cubic metres of pulverized rock, mud, and debris 152.4 metres (500 ft) deep and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) wide, which came down the 1,220-metre (4,000 ft) mountainside.[11]
Norman Stephanishin, the Arrow truck driver, had stopped behind the stuck convertible. Stephanishin, unable to turn his rig around on the narrow and icy road, tried to talk the four others into walking the five kilometres back to Sumallo Lodge. Unable to convince them, Stephanishin walked east to Sumallo Lodge to phone the Highways Dept.[12] In a short distance, Stephanishin flagged down a Greyhound Lines bus traveling to Vancouver[13] and persuaded the driver, David Hughes, to return with him to Sumallo Lodge. Hughes turned back and is credited with saving his passengers from a tragedy.[14]
Rescue workers from Hope and Princeton found the body of Thomas Starchuck, 39, of Aldergrove BC, driver of the hay truck. The body of Bernie Lloyd Beck, 27, of Penticton BC, driver of the convertible was also retrieved. Beck's passengers, Dennis George Arlitt, 23, of Penticton BC, and Mary Kalmakoff, 21, of Shoreacres BC, were never recovered. Their bodies remain entombed under the rock.[15]
British Columbia Highways Minister Phil Gaglardi attended the scene and directed the construction of a temporary tote road over the southern portion of the slide. In twenty-one days a bumpy route had been established over the slide.[16]
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